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Experimental animals
&
Their methods of handling
Introduction:
In pharmacological research animals are used
to test the effect of drugs before their
introduction to clinical trials
 Animals are used in educational institutions
to demonstrate the drugs for teaching purposes
Experimental animals should always be
A.Suitably bred
B.Gently handled
C.Properly used
Researchers &Experimenters are ethically
& legally responsible for
A.Careful handling of animals in such manner
that they do not suffer from unnecessary pain.
B.Providing a good care towards the health
& well being of the animals.
Selection of an experimental animal for a
particular experiment depend on:
1. Nature of experiment
2. Type of drug activity to be evaluated
3. Specific characters of the experimental animal.
• Experiment
• Drug
• Animal
Animals can be used in:
In vivo
Use whole
intact animal
In vitro
Use part of animal
-organ
-tissue
-cells
Experimental Animals can be used :
Large animals
-monkeys
-pigs
-dogs
-cats
small animals
Mice
rats
guinea pigs
rabbits
frogs
1.Albino
Mice
Characteristics:
1.Mice are small lab. Animals wt. about 18-30g.
2. They are very sensitive & consume small doses of drugs
3. They can be easily handled.
4. Drugs are best injected I.P. or I.V. into one of their
superficial veins
1.Albino
Mice
Uses in Research:
1.In cancer & genetic research.
2. In acute toxicity studies
3. In screening of various drug activities specially CNS
activity
1.Albino
Mice
Proper method of Handling
1.The mouse is lifted from its tail with the right hand
2. The animal is allowed to grip the wire mesh of the cage
with its fore legs
3. The animal is grasped from the nap of the neck between
the thumb & index finger
4. The tail is then transferred from the right to the left hand
in between the small & fingers
As soon as the mouse’s head is restrained, the mouse can
be picked up and the tail secured within your ring finger
and little finger
The injection site should be in the lower left quadrant of the
abdomen because vital organs are absent from this area. Only
the tip of the needle should penetrate the abdominal wall to
prevent injection into the intestine.
Blood Collection From Tail in Mouse
Placing a mouse on a cage lid and grasping the loose
skin behind the ears by the thumb and forefinger
Push the mouse into the restrainer
Leave the tail of the mouse outside the cover of the restrainer
Amputate the tip of the mouse tail by scissors
Massage the tail and collect blood by pipetteman
2.Albino
Rats
Characteristics:
1. Rats have a larger wt. than mice (about 300-500g)
2. They can withstand long periods of experimentation
under anesthesia.
3. They can be easily handled.
4. Drugs are best injected I.P. or I.M. or S.C. or I.V. into
their tail veins..
5. They can be also given drugs orally by a stomach tube
6. Isolated preparations can be taken from them.(stomach,
fundus, colon, & uterus
2.Albino
Rats
Uses in Research:
1. In acute & chronic toxicity studies
2. In preliminary testing of some drugs activities specially
CNS activity
ex. Rats are used for testing psychotropic activity of drugs
since they can be trained to perform skillful tasks
2.Albino
Rats
Proper method of Handling
1.The rat is grasped from its tail.
2. Its placed on a hard surface.
3. The left hand is slipped over the rat`s back & is move
toward the head
4. The thumb finger is then sledded under the rat chin
5. The right front paw of the rat is restrained between the
base of the thumb & the index finger
6. The body is continuously kept tight by holding the tail.
Blood Collection From Tail in rats
Optimal site of blood withdrawal is around the distal
one-third of the tail since this part of tail gives better
visualization of the veins
Disinfect the tail with 75% alcoholic cotton ball
When the needle penetrates the epithelium of the tail, pull
back the plugger a bit to create negative pressure inside the
syringe, then push the needle in the vein slowly until blood
get into the dead space of the needle head
Pull back the plugger by the ring finger to withdraw blood from
the tail vein
4.The Rabbit
Characteristics:
1. Rabbits are very docile animals
2. They can be easily injected I.V. into their marginal veins
3. They can be also given drugs orally by a stomach tube
Insert needle into the ear vein with needle tip surface face up
Apply clip on the top of the cotton ball for 2-3 minutes to
stop further bleeding
4.The Rabbit
Uses in Research:
1.In pyrogen testing of drugs
2. To study the effect of drugs on the eye, CVS , ANS &
NMJ.
3. Some isolated muscle preparationa are also taken from
rabbits, e.g. intestine
4.The Rabbit
Proper method of Handling
1. Rabbits should never be lifted from their ears: this
will cause pain to animals.
2. Rabbits are grasped with the left hand from their
loose skin at the nap of the neck. The buttocks are
placed on the right hand & the animal is made closer
to the body of the experimenter