Transcript the ppt associated with this video

What are we going to learn?
Today we will be covering:
 What is orthopedics?
 What are bones?
 How to classify bones
 Fractures!
 How to repair a fracture
 A quick look at current research involving bones
 All of this information is true for people and
pets!
Orthopedics Defined
That branch of medicine and surgery that is specially concerned with the
preservation and restoration of the function of the skeletal system, its joints,
and associated structures like ligaments and tendons
What Do Bones Do?
1. Support/protection for body’s vital organs (for example,
skull protects the brain, rib cage protects the heart &
lungs)
2. Serve as levers in conjunction with joints, tendons,
ligaments, and muscles for movement
3. Production of blood cells in bone marrow
4. Storage site for calcium & phosphorus
Anatomy of a Typical Bone
Two Types of Bone:
1. Compact Bone: bone’s outer layer, what we can see. It is
dense, strong, and heavy
2. Spongy Bone – bone’s inner layer; self- organizes in response
to the direction of weight put on it
Associated Structures
 Joint – where two or more bones
come together
 Joint Cartilage – cartilage covering
the ends of bones that are in contact
with adjacent bones to allow smooth
movement and shock absorption
 Tendon – connects muscle to bone
 Ligament – connects bone to bone
Classification of Bones

Long – long! Bones of
limbs

Short – short! Small
bones of hands & feet

Flat – flat! Bones on top
of skull

Sesamoid – small bones
embedded in tendon as it
crosses a bony
prominence. Found in
digital tendons.

Irregular – jutting
processes give these
bones an irregular shape.
Found in pelvic bone.
Quiz!
Can you identify what type of bones
these are?
 flat bones
 sesamoid bone (and its associated
tendon)
 short bones
 irregular bone
Living Tissue
 Your bones are living
tissue!
 Cells called osteoclasts break
down old bone.
 Cells called osteoblasts
replace it with new tissue.
Bone Remodeling
Osteoblasts – secrete a matrix
made up of calcium phosphate
crystals. “Blasts Build up Bone”.
Osteocytes – retired
osteoblasts; found within bony
wall that they have deposited
around themselves.
Osteoclasts – break down bone;
release acids to dissolve crystals
and enzymes to break down
matrix. “Clasts Clash Bone”.
Bone Remodeling Fun Facts
 Goes on throughout life
 10-30% of adult bone is re-built every
year
 Bones of femur completely rebuilt
every 6 months
 Bones in skull may take 10 years to
re-build
 Drink your milk (and sunshine for
vitamin D)
Bone Reacts to Stresses Put on It
Wolff’s Law: Greater
physical stress placed on a
bone at a particular site
results in more bone
deposition by osteoblasts at
that site
 Examples:
 Astronauts who spend a long
time in space will often
return to Earth with weaker
bones, since gravity hasn't
been exerting a load on their
bones. Their bodies have
reabsorbed much of the
mineral that was previously
in their bones
 Weightlifters often display
increases in bone density in
response to their training.
FRACTURES
A medical condition in
which there is a break in the
continuity of the bone.
What is a radiograph?
Radiographs are:
• The image produced on a film by X-rays or other forms of radiation.
X-Rays are:
• Electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength produced when high-speed electrons strike a
solid target.
X-Rays produced here!
X-Rays travel here!
X-Ray film here!
Radiograph FAQ’s!
Does it hurt the animal?
• Not at all! They are totally painless, you cannot see or feel the X-Rays!
Are they safe?
• Yes, the dose of radiation used is the smallest possible to make a diagnostic image.
• Anyone regularly working around X-Rays must wear a dosimeter that tracks their total
exposure.
Name The Animal!
What Did the Snake Eat?
Human Vs. Dog
Normal Dog Images!
Closed Fracture
 A broken bone
that does not
penetrate the skin.
 Also known as a
simple fracture.
Open Fracture
 A broken bone that
penetrates the skin.
 Also known as a
compound fracture.
 Needs immediate
treatment, and an
operation is often
required to clean the
area of the fracture.
 Higher risk of infection
and more problems
associated with healing.
Complete Fracture
 A fracture in which
bone fragments
separate
completely.
Normal Fracture Healing
White zone is area of new bone deposit
Abnormal Fracture Healing
 Mal-union – a fracture that heals with
abnormal alignment
 Non-union – fracture healing has STOPPED
before the bone is completely healed
 elephant foot “hypertrophic non-union”
 tapered “atrophic non-union”
 Osteomyelitis – infection of bone
Malunion
In the wrist
 Mal-union – a fracture that
heals with abnormal alignment
In the elbow
Non-union
 Hypertrophic non-union is a bulging
appearance at the fracture site, which
results from a large amount of callus
formation. Usually caused by to much
mobility at fracture site, blood supply is
adequate.
 Atrophic non-union is
narrow, rounded ends of
bone at the level of the
fracture. This is caused
by a poor healing
response due to a lack
of blood supply.
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis – infection of bone
Fracture Reduction Goals
Get bones close enough
together to heal correctly
Proper alignment
 To Avoid:





mal-union
loss of function
additional trauma
further fracture
infection
Treatment Options
Fracture Reduction
 Closed
 Permanent (cast or splint)
 Temporary (until surgery)
 Open (orthopedic surgery)
 Intramedullary Fixation (Pins)
 Cerclage (Wires)
 External Fixation Devices
Closed Fracture Reduction
Use of a bandage or
splint to heal the
fracture. Can be
temporary or
permanent.
Open Fracture Reduction
An open fracture
reduction involves
cutting through the
skin to realign the
bones. Normally this is
used if the bone is in
many pieces or is
difficult to reduce.
Intramedullary Fixation
Intramedullary fixation is the use of pins, they come in a variety of
sizes. You pick the pin based upon the bone itself, the animal, and
the location.
Pin Insertion
The pin is inserted with a
hand chuck in order to hold
the fractured bone in the
correct location.
Cerclage
Cerclage: encircling
the bone with a wire
ring or loop, as for
fixation of fragments
in a fractured bone
External Fixators
The process of
installing temporary
repair supports
outside of the skin to
stabilize and align
bone while the body
heals.
External Fixators
Surgery Tools

Animal Orthopedics as a
Human Model

Animals are used as human
models in clinical studies or
experiments in the
development of surgical
procedures & drugs in
veterinary medicine to be
used in human medicine.
 Example:
 The 1st hip replacement
surgery was developed
in military dogs (German
Shepherds have a
genetic problem with hip
joint being mis-aligned).
Protect Yourself
 Osteoporosis is a bone disease where the bone mineral
density is reduced.
 Bones become much more fragile. People with
osteoporosis are more likely to suffer fractures than
people with normal bone density.
 Reaching peak bone mass when young greatly reduces
your risk of developing the disease.
How to Strengthen Your Bones
Physicians recommend that
adolescents get 30 minutes of
exercise everyday of the week.
Be sure children and teens are
getting the recommended 1300 mg
of calcium a day.
Eating a balanced diet and
exercising will keep you agile, make
you strong, and reduce your risk of
developing many serious diseases
later in your life.
Current NIH Research
Topic: Sustained-Release Drug Carrier for Treatment of Osteoarthritis
 Osteoarthritis is deterioration or
loss of the cartilage that acts as a
protective cushion between bones,
particularly in weight-bearing joints
such as the knees and hips.
 Treatment: Injection of antiinflammatory drugs into arthritic
joints reduces inflammation and
pain.
 Problem?: Drug effect doesn’t last,
because drug diffuses out of the
joint quickly. Effect could last
longer if drug were held in the joint.
Solution
Researcher Lori A. Setton at Duke
University designed a protein to
inject along with the drug.
This modified and injectable arthritis
drug remains at the site of the
injection and forms a “drug depot”.
When studied in a rat knee joint
model, the delivered protein/drug
combination remained in the joint 25
times longer than the comparable
soluble drug on the current market.
What we have covered!
Today we learned:
 What is orthopedics?
 What are bones?
 How to classify bones
 Fractures!
 How to repair a fracture
 A quick look at current research involving bones
 All of this information is true for people and
pets!