Transcript The Skeletal System * Clinical

The Skeletal System –
Clinical
Bone Fractures
Bone Fractures
Definitions
Treatments
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Self healing
Casts
Screws or nails
Plates
Wires
Identify these x-rays
Identification practice
Transverse fracture of the left
proximal femur
Identification practice
Spiral fracture of the left distal tibia
Identification practice
Comminuted fracture of the left
proximal humerus
Identification practice
Fissured fracture of the right
proximal fibula
Identification practice
Greenstick fracture of the right distal
radius
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis – Causes
• The synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens.
• The painful swelling can eventually result in bone erosion and joint
deformity.
• Tendons and ligaments holding the joint together weaken and stretch.
Gradually, the joint loses its shape and alignment.
Rheumatoid Arthritis – Symptoms
• Tender, warm, swollen joints
• Morning stiffness that may last for hours
• Firm bumps of tissue under the skin on your arms (rheumatoid
nodules)
• Fatigue, fever and weight loss
Rheumatoid Arthritis – Risk Factors
• Gender
• Age
• Family history
Rheumatoid Arthritis – Helpful Tips
• Regularly participating in gentle exercises
• Applying heat or cold
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis – Causes
• Articular cartilage wears down so that bone is left rubbing on
bone
• Affects joints in your hands, knees, hips and spine.
Osteoarthritis – Symptoms
• Pain
• Tenderness
• Stiffness
• Loss of flexibility
• Grating sensation
• Bone spurs
Osteoarthritis – Risk Factors
• Older age
• Gender
• Obesity
• Joint injuries
• Certain occupations
• Genetics
• Bone deformities
• Other diseases
Osteoarthritis – Helpful Tips
• Exercise
• Lose weight
• Use heat and cold to manage pain
• Apply over-the-counter pain creams.
• Use assistive devices.
Osteoporosis
Person with a bone density that is > 2 ½ standard deviations below the mean
Osteopenia
Person with a bone density that is 1 – 2 ½ standard deviations below the mean
Ways of preventing osteoporosis
Obtain maximal possible bone density by age 30!
Here’s how…
Ways of preventing osteoporosis
#1: At least 30 minutes of exercise daily
#2: Consume enough calcium daily
Ways of preventing osteoporosis
#3: Consume enough vitamin D daily
#4: Do not smoke
Osteomalacia
Softening of the bones during the bone-building process
Osteomalacia – Causes
1. Vitamin D deficiency
• Consuming a diet low in vitamin D
• Spending little time in sunlight
• Wearing very strong sunscreen
• Remain covered while outside
• Living in an area where sunlight hours are short
Osteomalacia – Causes
2. Certain surgeries
• Gastrectomy
• Removing or bypassing the small intestine
3. Some physical disorders
• Celiac disease
• Kidney or Liver disorders
Osteomalacia – Symptoms
• Bone pain
• Muscle weakness
Osteomalacia – Risk Factors
• Poor diet of vitamin D
• Little exposure to sunlight
Osteomalacia – Helpful Hints
• Vitamin D supplements
• Encouraging homebound people to get outside more often