Skeletal System Disorders - Hicksville Public Schools
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Transcript Skeletal System Disorders - Hicksville Public Schools
Skeletal System
Disorders
Arthritis
Joint inflammation
2 most common forms:
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis
“wear and tear” arthritis; OA
Most common form of
arthritis in United States
Cartilage in joints breaks
down over time
Commonly found in: knees,
hips, hands and fingers,
spine
Osteoarthritis Symptoms
First signs are joints that ache after physical work or
exercise
As disease progresses: pain in joints, swelling or
tenderness, stiffness after periods of inactivity
Periods of pain and inflammation (Flare-ups) and
periods of no pain or inflammation (remission)
Crunching feeling or sound of bone rubbing on bone
when joint is used
Where does it occur?
Knees: primarily weightbearing joints
Hips: severe disability,
may also feel in inner
thigh, groin, knees
Fingers/hands: base of
thumb joint is commonly
affected
Where does it occur?
Heberden’s nodes: small
bony knobs that appear on
the end joints of fingers
Bouchard’s nodes: small
bony knobs that appear on
the middle joints of fingers
Osteoarthritis Causes
Exact cause is unknown
Joint damage can be due to
repetitive movement or result of
an injury
Erosion of cartilage
Damaged joint tissue can cause
release of prostaglandins, which
also contribute to pain and
swelling
Factors that increase risk
Age and gender
More common in men if under 45; more common in
women if over 45
Joint injury or overuse
Obesity: changes increase with the amount of weight
the body’s joints have to bear (knee)
Heredity
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system
attacks normal joint tissues, causing inflammation of
joint lining
Affected joint may lose its shape
RA Symptoms
Pain and stiffness lasting more than 1 hour in morning
or after rest
Joint inflammation
Symmetrical pattern of inflammation
Fatigue, malaise
About 25% of people with disease develop small lumps
of tissue under skin (rheumatoid nodules)
Causes of RA
Exact causes unknown
Genetic!
Environmental – for those with
genetic tendency, RA can be
triggered by infection
Effects of disease
Joint inflammation
Tendons become inflamed and may rupture
Swelling can damage and destroy ligaments
Can damage joint cartilage and bone
Treatment Options
Medications
Exercise
Diet
Alternative therapies
Surgery
Fractures (broken bones)
Bones can be completely fractured or partially fractured
in any number of ways (crosswise, lengthwise, in
multiple pieces)
Types of Fractures
“open” fracture – if bone breaks
in such a way that bone
fragments stick out through skin
Stable fracture – the broken
ends of the bone line up and are
barely out of place
Types of Fractures
Transverse fracture: horizontal fracture line
Oblique fracture: angled pattern
Comminuted fracture: the bone shatters into 3 or more
pieces
Causes of fractures
Trauma: a fall, motor vehicle accident, tackle, etc.
Osteoporosis: weakened bones are more likely to
break
Overuse: repetitive motion can tire muscles and stress
bones (stress fractures)
Symptoms of fractures
Swelling and tenderness around injury
Bruising
deformity
Treatment
Put broken pieces back together and prevent
movement!
Casts, traction, external fixation, internal fixation
Osteoporosis
Causes bone to become weak and brittle
Symptoms of Osteoporosis
Back pain
Loss of height over time
A stooped posture
Bone fractures
Causes of Osteoporosis
Creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the
removal of old bone
Most people reach peak bone mass in early
20s
The higher your peak bone mass, the more
bone you have “in the bank” and the less likely
you are to develop osteoporosis
Risk Factors
Unchangeable risks:
Sex: women are at higher risk
Age: older people are at higher
risk
Race: greater risk for white or
Asian descent
Family history
Body frame size: small body
frames at higher risk
Risk Factors
Hormone levels:
Lowered sex hormones tend to weaken bone
Thyroid problems: too much thyroid hormone can cause
bone loss
Overactive parathyroid and adrenal glands
Low calcium intake
Eating disorders
Steroids/medications
Sedentary lifestyle
Alcohol/tobacco