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Research Issues
Goal of research is often to replicate study’s results
or generalize findings to real world behavior.
Replication- Repetition of Study
Problematic Issues
 1.) Sampling Bias
 2.) Placebo Effects
 3.) Self-Report Distortions
 4.) Experimenter/ Participant Bias
1.) Sampling Bias
 In research, we take a sample of people to represent the population
of larger people we wish to generalize to.
 Examples
 There may be situation where sample is not representative of the
population
 Examples
2.) Placebo Effects
 Placebo- a substance that resembles treatment (or drug) but
actually has no effect.
 Placebo Effect – Participant’s expectation leads to change in
behavior even though they receive fake or empty treatment.
 Examples
3.) Self-Report Distortions
 Social Desirability Bias- The tendency to give socially
approved answers about self
 Example
4.) Experimenter Bias
 Experimenter Bias- Researcher’s preference or expectations about
study influence results
 Example
 Participant Bias (Demand Characteristics)- A participant may act in a
different way based upon their expectations of study.
 Example
 Way to correct for these two issues:
 Double- Blind Study-
Ethics
 Is Deception an appropriate tactic to use in psychological
research?
 It is common to mislead participants in order to achieve desired
research outcome
 Examples
 When do you think it is appropriate/inappropriate?