Transcript DRUGS FINAL2

Chapter 12
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ILLEGAL DRUGS
PRE - TEST
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People with low self-esteem are more likely to
abuse drugs than people with high self-esteem
People who abuse drugs are unaware of the
hazards the drugs present
When People become addicted to drugs, the
primary reason they continue to use them is to
experience pleasure
Pre-Test continue
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Physical addiction is more powerful than a
psychological addiction
Smoking Marijuana provides a harmless high
Smoking marijuana is more damaging to the
lungs than smoking tobacco cigarettes
Amphetamines improve a persons driving ability
because it speeds up the nervous system.
Pre-Test continued
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People that recover from drug addictions usually
do it on their own without any help
Euphoria is the sense from the body that makes
the user feel good or bad
Pain killers are known as narcotics?
ADDICTION
• Physical addiction-body chemistry
changes,
The body must have the drug to function
normally
• Psychological addiction- a strong mental
craving for the drug
This can occur without physical addiction
Drugs produce euphoria by imitating
the brain’s natural way of producing
feelings of pleasure.
Endorphins- pleasure-producing
chemical of the brain.
Dysphoria- lack of endorphins
produces unpleasant feelings
DRUG ABUSE DEFINED
Drug use- taking of a drug correctly
ex: medicine
 Drug abuse- taking of a drug for nonmedical purpose,
and in a manner that can damage one’s health
 Drug misuse- taking of a drug for its correct medical
purpose, but not in the right amount, frequency, strength
or manner.
 Recreational drug use- people who take mind altering
drugs and claim no harmful health effects.
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Georgia Law classification of
Drugs
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Georgia Law classifies various drugs as
schedule I, II, III, IV and V depending upon
whether the drug has a legitimate purpose
and whether the drug can be addictive
and/or subject to abuse.
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS that are not on
the schedule I-V are called “Dangerous
Drugs”
Schedule I Drug
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Those drugs that have no legitimate
medical purpose
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Examples of these are LSD, Heroine,
Ecstasy, and GHB
Schedule II Drugs
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Those drugs that have medical purpose
but, have HIGH potential for abuse.
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Examples of these are:
OxyContin, Adderall, Cocaine, Opium,
Methamphetamine, and morphine
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Schedule III - V Drugs
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Those drugs that have a medical purpose
but have some potential for abuse.
Schedule III has the higher levels for abuse
while Schedule V has the lowest potential
for abuse.
Examples of Schedule III – V
Drugs
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Examples of Schedule III – Vicodin,
Tylenol-III
Common types of Schedule IV – Xanax,
Librium, Ativan and Rohypnol (roofies)
Schedule V Drugs – Advil
Dangerous Drugs
These are Prescription drugs that are not
included on any of the Schedule drug lists.
 Examples of Dangerous Drugs
Amoxicillin, Viagra, vitamins for expecting
mothers.
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DEPRESSANTS
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Slows down the brain and the central
nervous system
Sedatives: drugs that have a soothing
and produce tranquil effects
Barbiturates: depressant drugs that
slow the activity of the CNS
Most common used and abused
depressant is alcohol.
BARBITURATES/SEDATIVES
Today there are many legally prescribed drugs
that are being abused. Of those abused, those
with depressive qualities are among the most
widely abused.
Barbiturates are used in the treatment of
anxiety disorders, tension, panic attacks and
sleep disorders. In high doses, some
depressants are used as general anesthetics.
Barbiturates:
Barbiturates, such as mephobarbital (Mebaral)
and pentobarbital sodium (Nembutalare used to
treat anxiety, tension, and sleep disorders.
GHB
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GHB (Gama Hydroxybutyric
Acid) is a synthetic depressant
produced in clandestine labs.
While available as a
prescription for sleep disorders
in some other countries GHB
was banned by the FDA in
1990 because of the dangers
associated with its use.
However, on July 17th, 2002,
GHB was approved for
treatment of a rare form of
narcolepsy. Most of the GHB
used in the U.S. is illegally
manufactured within its
borders.
GHB
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GHB is known as "G," "liquid x","caps," "scoop," "goop," "georgia home boy," and "grievous bodily
harm"
GHB is a clear odorless liquid (usually mixed with alcohol) or a white powder (usually made
into tablets or capsules.) GHB is snorted, smoked, or mixed into drinks. The most commonly abused
form is the liquid. On the street, it is usually sold as a liquid by the dose (a capful from a bottle or drops).
In some cities, GHB is put into water guns, and users buy it by the squirt. In other instances, candy,
such as a lollipop, is dipped in GHB and sold.
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The effects of GHB vary each time a person uses it and it affects each person differently. Initial
effects include euphoria and relaxation. Within 15 minutes nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, visual
disturbances, respiratory distress, amnesia, seizures, and coma are possible. It is difficult to
predict a person's reaction to GHB-- because GHB is produced in clandestine labs, the purity and
strength of doses vary. Coma, poisoning and death resulting from ingestion of GHB have been
well documented. As of November 2000, DEA documented 71 GHB-related deaths.
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Coma and seizures can occur following abuse of GHB and, when combined with
methamphetamine, there appears to be an increased risk of seizure. Combining use with other
drugs such as alcohol can result in nausea and difficulty breathing. GHB may also produce withdrawal
effects, including insomnia, anxiety, tremors, and sweating. Because of concern about Rohypnol, GHB, and other similarly
abused sedative-hypnotics, Congress passed the "Drug-Induced Rape Prevention and Punishment Act of 1996" in October
1996. This legislation increased Federal penalties for use of any controlled substance to aid in sexual assault.
GHB
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Like Rohypnol, GHB is
considered a "date rape"
drug because it can be
mixed with liquids (even
water) and a victim
wouldn't notice by smelling
or looking at it. GHB, by
itself, has a soapy or salty
taste--but when mixed in a
drink it may be difficult to
detect.
MARIJUANA
 Most abused illegal drug
 Nick names: pot, grass, weed, dope,
hash, reefer, sinsimilla
 Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC
produce the euphoria
 90% of THC absorbed into lungs then
travels to blood stream then to brain.
DELTA-9TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL/THC
•Acts as a depressant, hallucinogen, and
stimulant
•Marijuana is processed in the brain, liver,
lungs, reproductive organs and kidneys.
•THC is fat soluble. It does not dissolve in
water. Stored in fatty tissue. Acts like
sponge.
•Alters hearing, touch, taste, smell, sense
of time, space, and feelings of the body
•THC transported out of the body through
the urine.
EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA
 Speeds up the heart
50% faster
 Damages lungs and
immune system
 Effects sight (tunnel
vision)
 THC is fat soluble
 THC stays in the body
up to 30 days
 Marijuana burns hotter
(damages lungs)
 THC is stored in the
brain, lungs, liver,
kidneys, ovaries,
testes
Marijuana/pot/reefer
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA
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Feelings of dysphoria
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Short term memory loss
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Shortened attention span
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Rapid, irregular heartbeats
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Speeds up heart rate 50% faster
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Impaired immune system
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Decrease reaction time
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Depth perception
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Effects motivation “BURN OUT”
SIDE EFFECTS OF THE MALE
•Reduces hormone level (testosterone)
•Decreases secondary sex
characteristics (teen smoker)
facial hair
testes don’t grow
sperm production low
sperm deformity
SIDE EFFECTS OF THE FEMALE
•Lower levels of estrogen
•Menstrual cycle stops
•THC stored in ovary
•Deformity of female sex cell, the egg
MARIJUANA
BIRTH
DEFECTS
STIMULANTS
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Speeds up the heart
Speeds up respiratory
Speeds up blood
pressure
Dilates pupils
Decrease appetite
SIDE EFFECTS
 sweating
 Moodiness
 Anxiety
 Headache
 Sleeplessness
 Restlessness
 Paranoia
 hallucinations
 Ephedrine:
a stimulant added to lookalikes and diet pills, and found in herbs
such as ma mahuang: has caused heart
attacks, strokes, seizures, and death,
especially when combined with
caffeine.
AMPHETAMINES
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DIET PILLS
METHAMPHETAMINES
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Crank
Speed
Ice
Crystal meth
Smoked, snorted,
injected, swallowed
1 gallon of meth produces
2 gallons of toxic
material
AMPHETAMINES
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Amphetamines and methamphetamines are collectively referred to as
amphetamines. Their chemical properties and actions are so similar
that even experienced users have difficulty knowing which drug they
have taken
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During World War II, amphetamines were widely used to keep the
fighting men going; both dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) and
methamphetamine (Methedrine) became readily available. As use of
amphetamines spread, so did their abuse. Amphetamines became a
cure-all for helping truckers to complete their long routes without
falling asleep, for weight control, for helping athletes to perform better
and train longer, and for treating mild depression.
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Intravenous amphetamine abuse spread among a subculture known
as "speed freaks." With experience, it became evident that the dangers
of abuse of these drugs outweighed most of their therapeutic uses.
COCAINE/CRACK
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Harvested from a
coca bush grown in
South America
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White powder form
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1906 cocaine syrup
found in coca cola
 Cocaine
is considered by some as the
greatest drug threat to the US because it
leads in drug-related violence, emergency
department mentions of cocaine use,
admissions to treatment facilities and
arrests.
Street Terms: coke, snow, nose candy, flake, blow, big C,
lady, snowbirds, white
EFFECTS OF COCAINE USE:
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Moderate Dose: disturbances in heart rhythm,
increased heart and respiratory rates, elevated blood
pressure, dilated pupils, decreased appetite, excessive
activity, talkativeness, irritability, argumentative behavior,
nervousness or agitation.
High Dose: loss of coordination, collapse, perspiration,
blurred vision, dizziness, feeling of restlessness, anxiety,
delusions, heart attacks, chest pain, respiratory failure,
strokes, seizures and headaches, abdominal pain,
nausea, paranoia
.Symptoms of Overdose: increase in body
temperature, hallucinations, convulsions, death
Wholesale cocaine traffickers
purchase cocaine from
importers and regional
distributors usually in kilogram
or multi-kilogram allotments.
The photograph to the right is of
one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of
pure cocaine pressed into a
"kilo-brick." This is generally
the manner in which cocaine is
shipped from Columbia or other
cocaine producing countries to
the United States and other
consuming countries
Once the cocaine reaches it's "consuming country," other wholesalers
package the powder cocaine into retail quantities (ounces or grams) or
convert the powdered cocaine into crack for retail sales.
One way drug dealers
smuggle drugs into the
United States is by filling
balloons or prophylactics
with cocaine or other drugs
and swallowing them. Just
before boarding a
commercial aircraft to the
U.S., the smuggler
swallows the balloons.
When the smuggler arrives
in the U.S., he or she is met
by an accomplice who
takes them to a hotel (or
other place) to consume a
laxative and flush the
balloons ("poopers") from
their body.
COCAINE/CRACK
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INJECTED (HIV)
SNORTED (glass)
CRASH FOLLOWED
BYDEPRESSION
HEART ATTACK
MALNUTRTION
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FORM OF COCAINE
“FREEBASING”
CRACKLING SOUND
SMOKING ROCKS
HIGH IN 10
SECONDS
EXTREMELY
ADDICITIVE!
DRUG HIGH VARIABLES
1. TOLERANCE OF THE BODY
2. AMOUNT OF THE DRUG OR
CONCENTRATION
3. METHOD OF INGESTION:
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•
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Snorted
Injected
Inhaled
3 minutes
30-60 seconds
6 seconds
NARCOTICS/OPIATES
= Pain Relievers
Opiates: a group of drugs derived form the opium poppy. That
relieves pain and induces sleep. Also known as narcotics
Narcotics: habit-forming drugs that relieve pain and produce
sleep when taken in moderate doses/ also called opiates.
Because most are derived from the opium poppy.
Codeine: a narcotic that commonly used for suppressing
coughs.
Opium: a narcotic drug that relieves pain and induces sleep,
made from the poppy
Morphine: narcotic, painkiller prescribed by doctors
Heroin: narcotic, made from morphine, illegal
HEROIN
Heroin, an illegal opiate drug known on the
street as smack, junk, brown sugar, dope,
horse, skunk and other names is derived
from the resin of the poppy plant which
grows predominantly in southeast and
southwest Asia, Mexico and now in
Colombia. It is manufactured in remote
laboratories using rudimentary equipment
which presses the powder into bricks for
bulk shipment to destination countries like
the United States. Smaller amounts are
smuggled by couriers who swallow heroinfilled latex balloons before boarding
commercial airlines.
Pure heroin is a white powder with a bitter
taste. Most illicit heroin is a powder form
which may vary in color from white to dark
brown because of impurities left from the
manufacturing process or the presence of
additives. Pure heroin is rarely sold on the
street. A "bag" --slang for a single dosage
unit of heroin--may contain 100 mg of
powder, only a small portion of which is
heroin. The remainder could be sugars,
starch, powdered milk, or quinine.
Traditionally the purity of heroin in a "bag"
has ranged from one to ten percent. More
recently, heroin purity has ranged from one
to ninety-eight percent, with a national
HEROIN
ADDICTION
METHADONE
German scientists synthesized
methadone during World War II
because of a shortage of
morphine. Although chemically
unlike morphine or heroin,
methadone produces many of
the same effects.
Introduced into the United
States in 1947 as an analgesic
(Dolophinel), it is primarily used
today for the treatment of
narcotic addiction. HEROIN
It is available in oral solutions,
tablets, and injectable Schedule
II formulations, and is almost as
effective when administered
orally as it is by injection.
Methadone's effects can last up
to 24 hours.
OPIUM
There were no legal restrictions on
the importation or use of opium
until the early 1900s. In the United
States, the unrestricted availability
of opium, the influx of opiumsmoking immigrants from East
Asia, and the invention of the
hypodermic needle contributed to
the more severe variety of
compulsive drug abuse seen at
the turn of the 20th century. In
those days, medicines often
contained opium without any
warning label. Today, there are
state, federal, and international
laws governing the production and
distribution of narcotic substances.
CODEINE/MORPHINE
Codeine is medically
prescribed for the relief of
moderate pain and cough
suppression. Compared to
morphine, codeine produces
less analgesia, sedation, and
respiratory depression, and is
usually taken orally.
It is made into tablets either
alone (Schedule II) or in
combination with aspirin or
acetaminophen (i.e., Tylenol
with Codeine, Schedule III).
As a cough suppressant,
codeine is found in a number
of liquid preparations
MORPHINE
Morphine is one of the most
effective drugs known for
the relief of severe pain and
remains the standard
against which new
analgesics are measured.
Like most narcotics, the use
of morphine has increased
significantly in recent years.
Since 1990, there has been
about a 3-fold increase in
morphine products in the
United States.
OXYCONTIN/OXYCODONE
Abuse of the prescription pain reliever
OxyContin® are serious problems in
certain areas of the United States,
particularly in the East. In 1996,
OxyContin® was introduced as a longer
lasting dosage of oxycodone, which is
prescribed for the treatment of moderate
to severe pain. Since 1996, Drug Abuse
Warning Network (DAWN) data indicate
an increasing number of deaths
associated with oxycodone. The growing
abuse of OxyContin®, commonly known
as Oxy’s, OC’s, Killers, Poor Man’s
Heroin, and Hillbilly Heroin, is leading to
an increase in burglaries, thefts, and
robberies of residences and pharmacies.
HALLUCINOGENS
• LSD: lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic
• PCP: phencyclidine hydrochloride
animal tranquilizer, abused by human beings
as a hallucinogen.
• Peyote: a cactus that produces the
hallucinogen mescaline
• Psilocybin: hallucinogen produced by
mushrooms
LSD
D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the most
potent hallucinogenic substance known to man.
Dosages of LSD are measured in micrograms,
or millionths of a gram. By comparison,
dosages of cocaine and heroin are measured in
milligrams, or thousandths of a gram.
Compared to other hallucinogenic substances,
LSD is 100 times more potent than psilocybin
and psilocin and 4,000 times more potent than
mescaline.
LSD is classified as a Schedule I drug in the
Controlled Substances Act of 1970. As a
Schedule I drug, LSD meets the following three
criteria: it is deemed to have a high potential for
abuse; it has no legitimate medical use in
treatment; and, there is a lack of accepted
safety for its use under medical supervision.
t
LSD is being concealed
in candy Sweet Tarts by
simply placing a clear
drop of the drug in the
tart. Tarts may or may
not have a slight
discoloration such as
on the pink tart above.
Tarts are becoming
more popular as a
method of concealment.
Tarts are used in this
instance, however,
many other candy
products can be used
as well.
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EFFECTS OF LSD
The effects of LSD are unpredictable. They depend on the
amount taken, the user's personality, mood and
expectations, and the surroundings in which the drug is
used. Usually, the user feels the first effects of the drug 3090 minutes after taking it.
These effects include dilated pupils, higher body
temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure,
sweating, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, dry mouth, and
tremors. Sensations and feelings change much more
dramatically than the physical signs.
The user may feel several different emotions at once or
swing rapidly from one emotion to another.
Phencyclidine, more commonly known as
PCP, is illicitly marketed under a number
of other names including Angel Dust,
Super grass, killer Weed, Embalming
Fluid, and Rocket Fuel, reflecting the
range of its bizarre and volatile effects.
In its pure form, it is a white crystalline
powder that readily dissolves in water.
However, most PCP on the illicit market
contains a number of contaminates as a
result of makeshift manufacturing
causing the color to range from tan to
brown and the consistency from powder
to a gummy mass. Although sold in
tablets and capsules as well as line
powder and liquid form, it is commonly
applied to a leafy material, such as
parsley, mint, oregano or marijuana, and
smoked.
SHROOMS/MESCALINE
•Psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4hydroxy-N, N-ethyltryptamine) and
psilocyn (4-hydroxy-N, Ndimethyltryptamine) are obtained
from certain mushrooms indigenous
to tropical and subtropical regions of
South America, Mexico, and the
United States.
•As pure chemicals at doses of 10 to
20 mg, these hallucinogens produce
muscle relaxation, dilation of pupils,
vivid visual and auditory distortions,
and emotional disturbances.
• Fatal poisoning may occur due to
mistaken identity of a mushroom:
many varieties of mushrooms are
poisonous.
•80% of all mushrooms are
poisonous!
PEYOTE
Psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N, N-ethyltryptamine) and psilocyn (4hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) are obtained from certain mushrooms
indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico,
and the United States. As pure chemicals at doses of 10 to 20 mg, these
hallucinogens produce muscle relaxation, dilation of pupils, vivid visual
and auditory distortions, and emotional disturbances. However, the effects
PEYOTE
INHALANTS
• Inhalants are common household and
workplace substances that are sniffed or
huffed to give the user an immediate head rush
or high.
• Inhalants are "sniffed" from an open container
or "huffed" from a rag soaked in the substance
and held to the face.
• They include a diverse group of chemicals that
are found in consumer products such as
aerosols, plastic cement, nail polish remover,
lighter fluid, hair spray, insecticides, and
cleaning solvents.
INHALANTS
Three types of chemicals are used to
produce a high.
Solvents: liquids that vaporizer at room
temperature
Propellants: substances added to
products such as paint, hair spray,
whip cream, oven cleaner,
Medical: ether, chloroform, nitrous
oxide, amyl nitrate
SOLVENTS
PROPELLANTS
MEDICAL
Nitrous
oxide
Whip
cream
Nitrous oxide
ether
• Sudden sniffing death syndrome: sudden
death, usually from heart failure, in a
person who is startled while sniffing
inhalants.
• The fright often occurs upon discovery of
the sniffer by an authority figure or when
the drug produces a frightening
hallucination
•Designer drugs: laboratorymade drugs that closely
resemble illegal drugs in
chemical, structure, but that are
different enough to be legal until
ruled illegal.
DESIGNER DRUGS
Lab made drugs that
resemble illegal drugs in
chemical structure
 MDMA (Ecstasy)
(mimics meths)
 Fentanyl
(synthetic heroin)
 Created Parkinson’s
diseasedestruction of parts of the
brain that control
muscles
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MDMA/ECSTASY
MDMA is marketed as a feel good drug. Devotees say it
produces profoundly positive feelings, empathy for
others, elimination of anxiety, and extreme relaxation-hence the nickname "hug drug," or "love drug." MDMA
is also said to suppress the need to eat, drink, or
sleep, enabling club scene users to endure all-night
and sometimes two, or three-day parties.
MDMA is taken orally, usually in tablet or capsule form.
MDMA tablets are often "stamped" with icons or logos
intended to appeal to a young audience. Its effects last
approximately four to six hours.
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Short Term Effects:
increased heart rate, blood
pressure and body temperature;
jaw and teeth clenching/muscle
tension, hypertension,
dehydration, chills and/or
sweating, nausea, blurred
vision, faintness, dizziness,
confusion, insomnia, paranoia
Long Term Use:
depression, sleep disorders,
drug craving, persistent
elevation of anxiety, paranoia,
aggressive and impulsive
behavior, rash
Medical Complications:
large dose: muscle breakdown,
hyperthermia, kidney failure,
cardiovascular system failure
long term: liver damage, brain
damage, paralysis, and possible
others pending research
STEROIDS
•
The CSA defines anabolic steroids
as any drug or hormonal substance
chemically and pharmacologically
related to testosterone (other than
estrogen, progestins, and
corticosteroids), that promotes
muscle growth.
•
Most illicit anabolic steroids are
sold at gyms, competitions and
through mail order operations. For
the most part, these substances are
smuggled into the United States.
•
Those commonly encountered on
the illicit market include: boldenone
(Equipose), ethylestrenol
(Maxibolin), fluoxymesterone
(Halotestin), methandriol,
methandrostenolone (Dianabol),
Depo-Testosterone Android - 25
(mehyltestosterone)
•
In addition, a number of bogus or
counterfeit products are sold as
anabolic steroids.
When used in combination with exercise
training and high protein diet, anabolic
steroids can promote increased size and
strength of muscles, improve endurance
and decrease recovery time between
workouts. They are taken orally or by
intramuscular injection. Users concerned
about drug tolerance often take steroids on
a schedule called a cycle. A cycle is a
period of between six and 14 weeks of
steroid use followed by a period of
abstinence.
Additionally, users tend to "stack" the
drugs, using multiple drugs concurrently.
Another mode of steroid use is
"pyramiding." Users slowly escalate steroid
use (increasing the number of drugs used
at one time and/or the dose and frequency
of one or more steroids) reaching a peak
amount at mid-cycle and gradually tapering
the dose toward the end of the cycle.
DO WE NEED
STEROIDS FOR A
QUICK FIX?
WHAT HAPPENED
TO HARD WORK?
This statue was
sculpted in 1808
before the
introduction and
discovery of
steroids.