Transcript Substances Use and Abuse - Academic Resources at Missouri

Substance Use and Abuse
Chapter 13
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Drugs
• Drug
• Any chemical other than food
intended to affect the structure or
function of the body
• Psychoactive drug
• A drug that can alter a person’s
consciousness or experiences
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Drugs
• Intoxication
• The state of being mentally affected
by a chemical
• Psychoactive drugs are widely
used for medical and social
purposes
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Addictive Behavior
• Any habit that has gotten out of
control, resulting in a negative
impact on a person’s health
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Addictive Behavior
• General characteristics associated
with addictive behaviors
•
•
•
•
•
Reinforcement
Compulsion or craving
Loss of control
Escalation
Negative consequences
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
The Development of Addiction
• Common behaviors are potentially
addictive
• No single cause of addiction
• Individual characteristics
• Coping abilities
• Environmental factors or aspects of
the specific behavior or substance
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Examples of
Addictive Behaviors
• Compulsive or pathological
gambling
• An increasing problem
• High suicide rate
• Compulsive buying or shopping
• Internet addiction
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Use, Abuse and Dependence
• Drug (substance) Abuse
• A maladaptive pattern of use of any
substance that persists despite
adverse consequences
• Pattern may be intermittent, with or
without physical dependence
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Use, Abuse and Dependence
• Drug Abuse
• Recurrent drug use, interfering with
responsibilities
• Recurrent drug use in potential
physically hazardous situations
• Drug - related legal problems
• Continued use despite social and
interpersonal problems
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Use, Abuse and Dependence
• Drug (substance) Dependence
• A cluster of symptoms that occur in
an individual who continues to use a
substance despite suffering
significant problems, leading to
significant impairment or distress
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Use, Abuse and Dependence
• Drug Dependence
• Three or more of these seven
symptoms
1) Developing tolerance to the substance =
lower sensitivity to drug so that a given
dose no longer exerts the usually effect
and larger doses are needed
2) Experiencing withdrawal = symptoms
that follow the interrupted use of a drug
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Use, Abuse and Dependence
• Symptoms
3) Taking the substance in larger
amounts or over a longer period than
intended
4) Expressing a persistent desire to cut
down on or regulate substance use
5) Spending a great deal of time
obtaining the substance, using the
substance, or recovering from
its effects
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Use, Abuse and Dependence
• Symptoms
6) Giving up or reducing important
school, work, or recreational activities
because of substance use
7) Continuing to use the substance in
spite of recognizing that it is
contributing to a psychological or
physical problem
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Who Uses
and Abuses Drugs?
• All income and education levels
• All ages and all ethnic groups
• Characteristics of
higher - than - average risk
•
•
•
•
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Being male
Being young
Having frequent exposure to drugs
Being disinterested in school
Having a risk - taking personality
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Representative
Psychoactive Drugs
• Opioids
• opium, morphine, heroin, codeine,
oxycodone, hydrocodone
• CNS depressants
• alcohol, barbiturates, Xanax, Valium,
Rohypnol, methaqualone, GHB
• CNS stimulants
• cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine,
Ritalin, ephedrine, caffeine
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Representative
Psychoactive Drugs
• Cannabis products
• marijuana, hashish
• Hallucinogens
• LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP,
MDMA (ecstasy), ketamine
• Inhalants
• aerosols, solvents, nitrites,
anesthetics
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Treatment for Drug Abuse
• There is no single best method of
treatment
• Treatment programs
•
•
•
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Drug substitution
Treatment centers
Self - help groups
Peer counseling
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Preventing Drug Abuse
• Best solution to drug abuse is
prevention
• For young people
•
•
•
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Build self - esteem
Improve academic skills
Increase recreational opportunities
Provide accurate information
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
The Role of Drugs
in Your Life
• What are the risks involved?
• Is using the drug compatible with
your goals?
• What are your ethical beliefs about
drug use?
• What are the financial costs?
• Are you trying to solve a deeper
problem?
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Alcohol: Immediate Effects
• Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
• The amount of alcohol in the blood in
terms of weight per unit volume
• Used as a measure of intoxication
• The body can metabolize about
one - half a drink in an hour
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Alcohol: Immediate Effects
• Low doses of alcohol induce
relaxation and release inhibitions
• High doses of alcohol have many
dangerous physical and
psychological effects
• Alcohol is the leading cause of
death among people ages
15 to 24 years
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Effects of Chronic Use
of Alcohol
• Reduced life expectancy
• Cirrhosis
• A disease in which the liver is
severely damaged
• Increased risk of heart attack
and cancer
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Effects of Chronic Use
of Alcohol
• Psychological problems and
brain damage
• Drinking during pregnancy
• Fetal alcohol syndrome
• A characteristic group of birth defects
• Alcohol - related neurodevelopmental
disorder
• Learning and behavioral problems
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Alcohol Abuse
• The use of alcohol to a degree that
causes physical damage, impairs
functioning, or results in behavior
harmful to others
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Alcohol Dependence
(Alcoholism)
• A chronic psychological disorder,
characterized by excessive and
compulsive drinking
• Development of tolerance
and withdrawal
• DTs (delirium tremens)
• State of confusion brought on by the
reduction of alcohol intake in a
dependent person
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Binge Drinking
• Binge Drinking
• Periodically drinking alcohol to the
point of severe intoxication
• Five or more drinks in a row for men
• Four or more drinks in a row for women
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Binge Drinking
• Reported by 44% of college
students; 23% of students are
frequent binge drinkers
• Binge drinking affects both
drinking and nondrinking students
and contributes to
• 1,700 deaths per year
• 70,000 cases of date rape per year
• 500,000 injuries per year
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Binge Drinking
Percentage of Students Experiencing Problems
Alcohol - Related Problem
Non - Binge
Drinkers
Drove after drinking alcohol
18
Did something they regretted
17
Argued with friends
10
Missed a class
9
Got behind in schoolwork
9
Got hurt or injured
4
Had unprotected sex
4
Got into trouble with police
2
Had five or more of these
problems since school year
began
4
Frequent Binge
Drinkers
58
62
43
60
42
28
21
14
48
SOURCE: Wechsler, H., and B. Wuethrich. 2002. Dying to Drink: Confronting Binge Drinking on College Campuses. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale.
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Drinking and Responsibility
• Examine your attitudes
and behavior
• Drink moderately and responsibly
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•
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Drink slowly and space your drinks
Eat before and while drinking
Know your limits and your drinks
Be aware of the setting
Use designated drivers
Learn to enjoy activities
without alcohol
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Drinking and Responsibility
• Encourage responsible drinking
in others
• Encourage responsible attitudes
• Be a responsible host
• Hold drinkers fully responsible for
their behavior
• Take community action
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Tobacco
• Adult male and female smokers
lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5
years of life, respectively, because
they smoke
• Every cigarette smoked reduces life
expectancy by about 11 minutes
• A per - pack habit costs about
$3000 per year
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Tobacco Use:
Nicotine Addiction
• Nicotine
• A poisonous, addictive substance
found in tobacco and responsible for
many of the effects of tobacco
• More than 80% of adult tobacco
users started smoking before they
were 18 years old
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chemical Process of
Nicotine Addiction
• Nicotine stimulates the release of
dopamine, a neurotransmitter
associated with pleasant feelings
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Health Hazards of
Cigarette Smoking
• Chronic diseases, including heart
attack, stroke, hypertension,
respiratory diseases, osteoporosis,
and many forms of cancer
• Tooth decay, gum disease, bad
breath, colds, ulcers, hair loss,
facial wrinkling, discolored teeth
and fingers
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Health Hazards of
Cigarette Smoking
• Impotence, infertility, menstrual
disorders, stillbirth,
low birth weight
• Motor vehicle crashes and
fire - related injuries
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Other Forms of Tobacco Use
• Cigars and pipes
• Clove cigarettes and bidis
• Spit (smokeless) tobacco
• Sniff
• Chewing tobacco
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Environmental
Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
• Smoke that enters the atmosphere
from the burning end of a cigarette,
cigar, or pipe as well as smoke that
is exhaled by smoker
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Environmental
Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
• Mainstream Smoke
• Smoke that is inhaled by a smoker
and then exhaled into the atmosphere
• Sidestream Smoke
• Smoke that enters the atmosphere
from the burning end of a cigarette,
cigar, or pipe
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Environmental
Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
• Effects of ETS
• Cancer
• CVD
• Asthma, cough, and other respiratory
conditions
• Headache, nasal discomfort,
eye irritation
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Environmental
Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
• Children and infants are
particularly vulnerable to the
effects ETS
• Avoid ETS
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Smoking and Pregnancy
• Maternal smoking causes an
estimated 4,600 infant deaths in the
United States each year
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Smoking and Pregnancy
• Smoking during pregnancy is
linked to
• Ectopic pregnancy = pregnancy in
which the fertilized egg implants itself
in an oviduct rather than in the uterus
• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
• Low birth weight
• Developmental delays, hyperactivity,
short attention span, and learning
problems in infants and children
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Action Against Tobacco
• Increased taxes
• Federal, state, and local laws to
regulate tobacco use and
advertisement
• Legal action
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Costs of Smoking
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Giving up Tobacco
• Since 1964, more than 50% of all
adults who ever smoked have quit
• No single method works for
everyone
• Many options
• Nicotine replacement products
• Anti - depressant medication
• Support groups
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.