Transcript Substances Use and Abuse - McGraw

Substance Use and Abuse
Chapter 13
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Drugs
Drug = any chemical other than food
intended to affect the structure or function of
the body
 Psychoactive drug = a drug that can alter a
person’s consciousness or experiences
 Intoxication = the state of being mentally
affected by a chemical
 Psychoactive drugs are widely used for
medical and social purposes

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Nonmedical Drug Use
Alcohol
Binge alcohol use
Heavy alcohol use
Tobacco (all forms)*
Cigarettes
Cigars
Spit tobacco
Pipes
Marijuana/hashish
Pain relievers
Hallucinogens
Cocaine
Stimulants
Tranquilizers
Inhalants
Sedatives
Heroin
Percentage Using Substance in the Past 30 Days
College Students
All Americans
64.1
51.0
44.4
22.9
18.8
6.4
38.4
30.4
32.6
26.0
11.1
5.4
5.3
3.3
0.9
0.8
18.0
6.2
4.1
0.8
2.3
0.5
2.0
0.9
1.6
0.5
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
*Some people use more than one form of tobacco, so the sum of the percentages for different forms of tobacco exceeds the total percentage of
tobacco users.
SOURCE: SAMHSA National Survey on Drug Use and Health
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Addictive Behavior
Addictive behavior = any habit that has
gotten out of control, resulting in a negative
impact on a person’s health
 General characteristics associated with
addictive behaviors:

Reinforcement
 Compulsion or craving
 Loss of control
 Escalation
 Negative consequences

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
The Development of Addiction
Common behaviors are potentially
addictive
 No single cause of addiction


Individual characteristics
• Coping abilities

Environmental factors or aspects of the
specific behavior or substance
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Examples of Addictive Behaviors

Compulsive or pathological gambling
An increasing problem
 High suicide rate

Compulsive buying or shopping
 Internet addiction

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Psychoactive Drugs: Use,
Abuse, and Dependence

Drug (substance) abuse = a maladaptive pattern
of use of any substance that persists despite
adverse consequences; pattern may be
intermittent, with or without physical dependence




Recurrent drug use, interfering with responsibilities
Recurrent drug use in potential physically hazardous
situations
Drug-related legal problems
Continued use despite social and interpersonal
problems
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Psychoactive Drugs: Use,
Abuse, and Dependence


Drug (substance) dependence = a cluster of
symptoms that occur in an individual who
continues to use a substance despite suffering
significant problems, leading to significant
impairment or distress
Three or more of these seven symptoms:
(1) Developing tolerance to the substance = lower
sensitivity to drug so that a given dose no longer
exerts the usual effect and larger doses are needed
(2) Experiencing withdrawal = symptoms that follow the
interrupted use of a drug
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Psychoactive Drugs: Use,
Abuse, and Dependence
(3) Taking the substance in larger amounts or over a longer
period than intended
(4) Expressing a persistent desire to cut down on or regulate
substance use
(5) Spending a great deal of time obtaining the substance,
using the substance, or recovering from its effects
(6) Giving up or reducing important school, work, or
recreational activities because of substance use
(7) Continuing to use the substance in spite of recognizing
that it is contributing to a psychological or physical
problem
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Who Uses (and Abuses) Drugs?
All income and education levels
 All ages and all ethnic groups
 Characteristics of higher-than-average risk

Being male
 Being young
 Having frequent exposure to drugs
 Being disinterested in school
 Having a risk-taking personality

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Representative Psychoactive
Drugs






Opioids = opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine,
oxycodone, meperidine, fentanyl
CNS depressants = alcohol, barbiturates, Xanax, Valium,
Rohypnol, methaqualone, chloral hydrate, GHB
CNS stimulants = cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine,
Ritalin, ephedrine, caffeine
Cannabis products = marijuana, hashish
Hallucinogens = LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, STP, DMT,
PCP, MDMA, ketamine
Inhalants = adhesives, aerosols, butyl nitrite, amyl nitrite,
nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Sources of
Drugs
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Sources of
Caffeine
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Treatment for Drug Abuse
There is no single best method of
treatment
 Treatment programs

Drug substitution
 Treatment centers
 Self-help groups
 Peer counseling

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Preventing Drug Abuse
Best solution to drug abuse is prevention
 For young people

Build self-esteem
 Improve academic skills
 Increase recreational opportunities
 Provide accurate information

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
The Role of Drugs in Your Life
What are the risk involved?
 Is using the drug compatible with your
goals?
 What are your ethical beliefs about drug
use?
 What are the financial costs?
 Are you trying to solve a deeper problem?

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Alcohol Use Among Americans
Source: National Center for Health Statistics
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Alcohol Use Among Americans
Source: National Center for Health Statistics
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Alcohol Use Among College
Students
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Alcohol: Chemistry and
Metabolism
Ethyl alcohol = intoxicating ingredient in
fermented liquors
 Metabolized in the liver

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Alcohol: Immediate Effects





Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) = the amount
of alcohol in the blood in terms of weight per unit
volume; used as a measure of intoxication
The body can metabolize about one-half a drink
in an hour
Low doses of alcohol induce relaxation and
release inhibitions
High doses of alcohol have many dangerous
physical and psychological effects
Alcohol is the leading cause of death among
people ages 15 to 24 years
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Immediate and Long-Term
Effects of Alcohol Use
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Blood Alcohol Concentration and
Body Weight
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Drinking and Driving: BAC and
Risk of Motor Vehicle Crashes
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Effects of Chronic Use of
Alcohol
Reduced life expectancy
 Cirrhosis = a disease in which the liver is
severely damaged
 Increased risk of heart attack and cancer
 Psychological problems and brain damage
 Drinking during pregnancy

Fetal alcohol syndrome = a characteristic group
of birth defects
 Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder =
learning and behavioral problems

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence


Alcohol abuse = the use of alcohol to a degree
that causes physical damage, impairs
functioning, or results in behavior harmful to
others
Alcohol dependence (alcoholism) = a chronic
psychological disorder, characterized by
excessive and compulsive drinking


Development of tolerance and withdrawal
DTs (delirium tremens) = state of confusion brought on
by the reduction of alcohol intake in a dependent
person
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Binge Drinking

Binge drinking = periodically drinking alcohol to
the point of severe intoxication




5 or more drinks in a row for men
4 or more drinks in a row for women
Reported by 44% of college students; 23% of
students are frequent binge drinkers
Binge drinking affects both drinking and
nondrinking students and contributes to



1,400 deaths per year
70,000 cases of date rape per year
500,000 injuries per year
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Binge Drinking
Percentage of Students Experiencing Problems
Alcohol-Related Problem
Non–Binge
Frequent Binge
Drinkers
Drinkers
Drove after drinking alcohol
18
58
Did something they regretted
17
62
Argued with friends
10
43
Missed a class
9
60
Got behind in schoolwork
9
42
Got hurt or injured
4
28
Had unprotected sex
4
21
Got into trouble with police
2
14
Had five or more of these
problems since school year
began
4
48
SOURCE: Wechsler, H., and B. Wuethrich. 2002. Dying to Drink: Confronting Binge Drinking on College Campuses. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale.
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Drinking and Responsibility


Examine your attitudes and behavior
Drink moderately and responsibly







Drink slowly and space your drinks
Eat before and while drinking
Know your limits and your drinks
Be aware of the setting
Use designated drivers
Learn to enjoy activities without alcohol
Encourage responsible drinking in others




Encourage responsible attitudes
Be a responsible host
Hold drinkers fully responsible for their behavior
Take community action
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Tobacco



Adult male and female smokers lose an average
of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively,
because they smoke
Every cigarette smoked reduces life expectancy
by about 11 minutes
A per-pack habit costs about $1800–3000 per
year
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Tobacco Use: Nicotine Addiction
Nicotine = a poisonous, addictive
substance found in tobacco and
responsible for many of the effects of
tobacco
 More than 80% of adult tobacco users
started smoking before they were 18 years
old

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Chemical Process of Nicotine
Addiction
Nicotine stimulates the release of
dopamine, a neurotransmitter
associated with pleasurable feelings
SOURCE: Schwartz, S. 2000. Abnormal Psychology: A Discovery
Approach. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield.
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Short-Term Effects of Smoking a
Cigarette
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Damage to the Lungs from
Smoking
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Health Hazards of Cigarette
Smoking




Chronic diseases, including heart attack,
stroke, hypertension, respiratory diseases,
osteoporosis, and many forms of cancer
Tooth decay, gum disease, bad breath, colds,
ulcers, hair loss, facial wrinkling, discolored
teeth and fingers
Impotence, infertility, menstrual disorders,
stillbirth, low birth weight
Motor vehicle crashes and fire-related injuries
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Other Forms of Tobacco Use
Cigars and pipes
 Clove cigarettes and bidis
 Spit (smokeless) tobacco

Sniff
 Chewing tobacco

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) = smoke that
enters the atmosphere from the burning end of a
cigarette, cigar, or pipe as well as smoke that is
exhaled by smokers


Mainstream smoke = smoke that is inhaled by a smoker
and then exhaled into the atmosphere
Sidestream smoke = smoke that enters the atmosphere
from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Environmental
Tobacco Smoke
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Effects of ETS






Cancer
CVD
Asthma, cough, and other respiratory conditions
Headache, nasal discomfort, eye irritation
Children and infants are particularly vulnerable to
the effects ETS
Avoiding ETS
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Smoking and Pregnancy


Maternal smoking causes an estimated 4600
infant deaths in the United States each year
Smoking during pregnancy is linked to




Ectopic pregnancy = pregnancy in which the fertilized
egg implants itself in an oviduct rather than in the uterus
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Low birth weight
In infants and children—developmental delays,
hyperactivity, short attention span, learning problems
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Action Against Tobacco
Increased taxes
 Federal, state, and local laws to regulate
tobacco use and advertisement
 Legal action

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Costs of Smoking
SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Giving Up Tobacco
Since 1964, more than 50% of all adults
who ever smoked have quit
 No single method works for everyone
 Many options

Nicotine replacement products
 Anti-depressant medication
 Support groups

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 13
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education