Transcript Homestidy Task 3 - Medicines from Plants

Morphine
Caffeine
Plant: Tea (Camellia sinensis) and others
Plant: Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
Use: central nervous system stimulant
Use: analgesic
Molecular weight (g):
Molecular formula:
C8H10N4O2
285.3
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
62
Cost per 100mg (£):
C17H19NO3
Molecular weight (g):
194.2
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
Credit: ykanazawa
Credit: nchenga
Molecular formula:
Cost per 100mg (£):
1.25
Did you know?
Plants like tea and coffee produce caffeine
as an insecticide to poison bugs which try to
feed on the leaves.
135
14.77
Did you know?
Laudanum, a potent painkilling medicine
made from opium poppies, is documented
as far back as 1522
Nicotine
Taxol
Plant: Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia)
Plant: Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
Use: chemotherapy (breast cancer)
Use: stimulant, insecticide
Molecular weight (g):
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
Cost per 100mg (£):
C47H51NO14
853.9
12
75.03
Did you know?
Taxol is also made by a fungus which lives
in the tree bark. It is produced commercially
in mixed plant/fungal cell cultures.
Credit: moche
Credit:: pellaea
Molecular formula:
Molecular formula:
Molecular weight (g):
C8H14N2
162.2
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
0.3
Cost per 100mg (£):
0.73
Did you know?
Nicotine is more toxic than cocaine or heroin
and smoking 40 cigarettes could be deadly
(not to mention silly!) for a non-smoker
Science & Plants for Schools (www.saps.org.uk)
This resource was created by Dr Sarah McLusky, lecturer in biochemistry at Newcastle College (details correct as of 2012)
Codeine
Aspirin
Plant: Willow tree (Salix alba)
Plant: Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
Use: analgaesic, blood thinner
Use: analgaesic
Credit: ykanazawa
Credit: jimvanmeggelen
Molecular formula:
Molecular formula:
C7H6O3
Molecular weight (g):
C18H21NO3
Molecular weight (g):
138.1
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
184
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
Cost per 100mg (£):
0.03
Cost per 100mg (£):
299.4
54
0.53
Did you know?
Codeine is the world’s most widely used
opiate drug. It is made by methylating the
more abundant drug, morphine.
Did you know?
Hippocrates, who lived around 400BC,
recorded using a powder made from willow
bark to treat pain and fever.
Quinine
Digoxin
Plant: Cinchona tree (Cinchona ledgeriana)
Plant: Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
Use: anti-malaria
Use: treating heart arrhythmia
Credit:: freefotouk
Credit:: USGS
Molecular formula:
Molecular weight (g):
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
Cost per 100mg (£):
C20H24N2O2
324.4
68
1.66
Did you know?
Quinine was the first effective treatment for
malaria. Tonic water glows under UV light as
it contains quinine – go on, try it!
Molecular formula:
Molecular weight (g):
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
Cost per 100mg (£):
C41H64O14
780.9
7.7
28.91
Did you know?
In 2006 an American nurse was convicted of
killing 40 patients with overdoses of digoxin
and given 18 life sentences
This resource was created by Dr Science & Plants for Schools (www.saps.org.uk)
This resource was created by Dr Sarah McLusky, lecturer in biochemistry at Newcastle College (details correct as of 2012)
Strychnine
Ephedrine
Plant: ma huang (Ephedra sinica)
Plant: Strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica)
Use: stimulant, decongestant
Use: rat poison
Molecular formula:
C10H15NO
Molecular weight (g):
Credit: lalithamba
Credit: alexlomas
Molecular formula:
165.2
C21H22N2O2
Molecular weight (g):
334.4
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
74
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
0.41
Cost per 100mg (£):
0.03
Cost per 100mg (£):
0.65
Did you know?
Ephedrine is closely related to drugs like
speed. Ma huang has been used in
traditional Chinese medicine for 5000 years.
Did you know?
Strychnine is the poison of choice in
numerous books and films, including the
movie ‘Psycho’ and Agatha Christie novels.
Vinblastine
Colchicine
Plant: Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)
Plant: Autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale)
Use: chemotherapy (leukaemia)
Use: treating gout
Molecular weight (g):
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
Cost per 100mg (£):
C46H58N4O9
810.9
15
119.41
Did you know?
The Madagascar periwinkle was used as a
folk remedy for centuries before the active
chemicals were isolated in the 1950s
Credit: Dietmut
Credit: Kew Gardens
Molecular formula:
Molecular formula:
Molecular weight (g):
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
Cost per 100mg (£):
C22H25NO6
399.4
1.7
19.68
Did you know?
Once common, this drug is very toxic and
has nasty side effects (like diarrhoea) so is
now only used for short term, acute cases
Science & Plants for Schools (www.saps.org.uk)
This resource was created by Dr Sarah McLusky, lecturer in biochemistry at Newcastle College (details correct as of 2012)
Tubocurarine
Theophylline
Plant: Curare (Chondrodendron tomentosum)
Plant: Tea (Camellia sinensis)
Use: muscle relaxant, nicotine withdrawal
Use: muscle relaxant and bronchodilator
Credit: nchenga
Credit: NTBG
Molecular formula:
C37H41N2O6
Molecular formula:
C7H8N4O2
Molecular weight (g):
609.7
Molecular weight (g):
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
0.13
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
136
Cost per 100mg (£):
7.92
Cost per 100mg (£):
3.17
Did you know?
South American natives used this plant
extract to poison their arrow heads and blow
darts when hunting as it paralyses victims.
Vincristine
180.2
Did you know?
If you have asthma a cup of tea might help!
Theophylline was developed as an asthma
treatment drug in the 1950s.
Theobromine
Plant: Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)
Plant: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
Use: chemotherapy (leukaemia)
Use: diuretic, vasodilator
Credit: Steve Linder
Credit: Kew Gardens
Molecular formula:
Molecular weight (g):
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
Cost per 100mg (£):
C46H56N4O10
824.9
3
579.73
Did you know?
Extracting this drug from the plant is a slow
process with low yields, but the molecule is
too complicated to make synthetically.
Molecular formula:
C7H8N4O2
Molecular weight (g):
180.2
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
837
Cost per 100mg (£):
0.07
Did you know?
Dogs metabolise theobromine more slowly
than humans and can be poisoned with just
one bar of chocolate.
Science & Plants for Schools (www.saps.org.uk)
This resource was created by Dr Sarah McLusky, lecturer in biochemistry at Newcastle College (details correct as of 2012 )
Topotecan
Reserpine
Plant: Snake root (Rauwolfia serpentina)
Plant: Happy tree (Camptotheca acuminata)
Use: high blood pressure, anti-psychotic
Use: chemotherapy (ovarian & lung cancer)
C33H40N2O9
Molecular weight (g):
Cost per 100mg (£):
Molecular formula:
C23H23N3O5
Molecular weight (g):
608.7
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
Credit: scott.zona
Credit: kadavoor
Molecular formula:
421.4
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
21
Cost per 100mg (£):
390.34
Did you know?
In India, home of the Snake Root plant, this
drug has been has been popular for
centuries – even Mahatma Gandhi used it!
7.5
23,042.66
Did you know?
Topotecan inhibits the enzyme DNA
topoisomerase and stops cancerous cells
replicating.
Irinotecan
Capsaicin
Plant: Happy tree (Camptotheca acuminata)
Plant: Chilli peppers (Capsicum sp.)
Use: chemotherapy (colorectal cancer)
Use: treating nerve pain and arthritis
Credit: Ben Geach
Credit: scott.zona
Molecular formula:
Molecular weight (g):
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
Cost per 100mg (£):
C33H38N4O6
586.7
132
1336.00
Did you know?
Irinotecan and topotecan are derivatives of
naturally occurring camptothecin which is
used in Chinese herbal medicine.
Molecular formula:
Molecular weight (g):
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
Cost per 100mg (£):
C18H27NO3
305.4
0.4
62.40
Did you know?
Capsaicin creates a burning sensation on
the skin which blocks pain signals – you
might have experienced it eating chillies!
This resource was created by Dr Science & Plants for Schools (www.saps.org.uk)
This resource was created by Dr Sarah McLusky, lecturer in biochemistry at Newcastle College (details correct as of 2012)
Diosgenin
Plant: Yams (Dioscorea sp.)
Use: contraceptive
Credit: IITA
Molecular formula:
C27H42O3
Molecular weight (g):
414.6
Toxicity (LD50mouse mg/kg):
>8000
Cost per 100mg (£):
0.74
Did you know?
Diosgenin is a precursor of the hormone
progesterone and research on this plant in
the 1940s led to the first contraceptive pill
Science & Plants for Schools (www.saps.org.uk)
This resource was created by Dr Sarah McLusky, lecturer in biochemistry at Newcastle College (details correct as of 2012