Transcript Sec 21
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT SEC. 21-1 PAGES 610-614 Define: political machine – kickback - patronage – civil service – trust – muckraker – primary – initiative- referendum – recall Identify: “Boss” William Tweed – Chester Arthur – Pendleton Act – Interstate Commerce Act – Eugene Debs – Ida Tarbell – Upton Sinclair – Meat Inspection Act – Pure Food & Drug Act – Robert Lafollette – 17th Amendment FIGHTING CORRUPTION • Reformer – someone who wants to change society for the better • Urban problems • Political machines – powerful organizations linked to political parties that controlled government ( jobs – services) in many cities • Political boss – gained votes by doing favors for people – many times bosses were corrupt – took bribes – kickbacks ( contractor padded bill for city work and gave back percentage to boss who awarded job) – got rich SUMMARIZE • Powerful organization linked to political parties that controlled gov’t in cities • Contractor padded bill for city work – gave money to person who hired him • Person who want to change society for the better • Kickback • Political machine • Reformer William “Boss” Tweed – head of New York City Democratic political machine 1860s 1870s Controlled police, courts, newspapers – stole millions in illegal payments from companies doing business with city. Exposed by cartoonist Thomas Nast – Tweed fled to Spain – caught -sent to prison Thomas Nast William “Boss “Tweed Fighting the Spoils System • Reformers started: • 1. Organizations to make government more honest – Nat’l Municipal League • 2. New forms of government – Galveston, Texas – city gov’t run by commissioners (5) • 3. Small cities hired managers - Tom Johnson – Cleveland mayor – civic reformer • Patronage - Spoils system – rewarding political supporters with jobs – favors • Pres. Rutherford Hayes and Pres. James Garfield – change spoils system. Pres. Garfield assassinated by angry gov’t worker before he could do anything. • Civil Service – body of nonelected government workers – appoint qualified people • Pres. Chester Arthur – 1883 – Congress passed Pendleton Act – started the Civil Service Commission – set up competitive exams for federal jobs – by 1900 all federal employees hired by Civil Service Commission. CONTROLING BUSINESS • Trust – combination of companies managed by board of directors – too powerful • 1890 – Sherman Antitrust Act – law to ban/control monopolies and trusts • First used against labor unions – gov’t stated strikes interfered with trade • Railroads operated as an oligopoly ( market structure in which a few large companies controlled price of the industry). Reformers wanted regulations , but Supreme Court said only Congress could enact legislation to regulate commerce across state lines. • 1887 – Interstate Commerce Act – required RR to change rates – publish • Created Interstate Commerce Commission – supervise RR – later trucking • Tariff – tax on imports – Republicans raised tariffs to protect Amer. businesses from international competition. Voters opposed – elected Grover Cleveland president 1892. NEW REFORM IDEAS • Socialist – person who believes industries should be publicly owned – run by gov’t on behalf of all the people rather than private individuals. • Eugene Debs – started American Socialist Party • Progressives alarmed by wealth in hands of few – rejected socialism – supported government efforts to regulate industry. • Change gov’t to make it efficient – resist influence of powerful business interests. • Society has obligation to protect and help all members – especially poor. SUMMARIZE • Vocab term – combination of companies controlled by a board of directors • Vocab term – few large companies control price of an industry. • What group now regulates railroads and today the trucking industry? • What is socialism? • Who was the socialist candidate running for president? Muckrakers • Muckraker – a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in society • a. Lincoln Steffens – exposed corrupt political machines in New York, Chicago - book- The Shame of the Cities • b. Ida Tarbell – wrote on unfair practices in oil trusts- Rockefeller’s Standard Oil •c. Upton Sinclair – The Jungle – book on unclean practices in meatpacking industry • Gov’t will pass Meat Inspection Act – inspect meats • Food & Drug Act- accurate labeling of food, medicine, ban sale of harmful food SUMMARIZE • What vocab term means a person who exposed corruption or abuses in society? • Name two of these people and what area they targeted. • Law that provided for inspection of meats • Law that required accurate labeling of food, medicine, ban sale of harmful food EXPANDING DEMOCRACY • Robert LaFollette - Wisconsin reformer early 1900s – “Wisconsin Idea” • Change process in state elections – candidates chosen by party bosses • Direct primary – state voters choose their party candidates Oregon System – gave voters more power – limited political parties • Initiative – citizens place issue on ballot in state election • Referendum – Voters accept/reject measures proposed by legislatures • Recall – voters remove unsatisfactory elected officials from jobs Changed way US Senators elected – formerly picked by state legislatures • 17th Amendment – direct election (voters of a state) of senators SUMMARIZE • Citizens place issue on state ballot • Voters remove unsatisfactory elected officials from jobs • State voters choose their own party’s candidates • Voters accept/reject measures proposed by legislatures • People of state elect senators (directly by voters) • 17th Amendment • Direct primary • Initiative • Recall • Referendum