Transcript NUR104ModA_000

Introduction to Pharmacology
Module A
Common Pharmacology Terms
Pharmaceutics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacology
Pharmacotherapeutics
Other terms are
independent study
History of Pharmacology
History of Pharmacology
Mystical Period
Empirical Period
Medieval Period
Contemporary Period
Sources of Drugs
Plants
Animals and Humans
Minerals and Mineral products
Synthetic or Chemical substances
Sources of Drugs and Drug
Information
Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)
Package Inserts
Nursing Drug Guides /Nursing Journals
Internet websites
Legal and Ethical Issues
Legal Issues
Ethical Issues
Basic Ethical Principles
Beneficence
Nonmaleficence
Autonomy
Justice
Veracity
Confidentiality
Legal and Ethical Issues
Nurse Practice Actdescribe and define the
legal boundaries of
nursing practice within
each state.
Legal and Ethical Issues
Student’s role in medication administration
 Held
to the same standards as licensed nurses
 Responsible for their own actions
 Important to know the Nurse Practice Act
Federal laws
Food and Drug Administration
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of
1938
1952: Durham-Humphrey Amendment of
the 1938 Act
1962: Kefauver-Harris Amendment of the
1938 Act
Federal laws, cont
1970: Comprehensive Drug Abuse
Prevention and Control Act
Harrison Narcotic Act
State laws
Conforms to the federal legislative
guidelines
Additional control, such as with substances
not regulated by the federal government
FDA approval process
Investigational New Drug Application
Informed Consent
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval
Process
Preclinical Investigational Drug Studies
Four Clinical Phases of Investigational Drug Studies
a.
Phase I
b.
Phase II
c.
Phase III
d.
Phase I
Expedited Drug Approval
Controlled Substance Act
The Controlled Substance Act of 1970
Promoted drug education and research into the prevention
and treatment of drug dependence, strengthened
enforcement authority, established treatment and
rehabilitation facilities, and designed schedules or
categories for controlled substances.
Controlled Substances :
Schedule Categories
See the diagram in the textbook
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics- The action of a drug
on
the
body,
including
receptor
interactions, dose response phenomena, and
mechanisms of therapeutic and toxic action.
Receptor theory- MOA
Receptor is a reactive site on the surface of
a cell or tissue.
Drug forms a chemical bond with the
receptor sites
Drug binds to and interactions occurs at the
receptor site thus producing a
pharmacologic response
Receptor theory- MOA
Agonist
Partial Agonist
Antagonist
Competitive Antagonist
Noncompetitive Antagonist
Nonreceptor drug actions
Enzyme Interaction
Nonspecific Interaction
Pharmacokinetics
The actions of the body on the drug,
including absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and elimination or excretion
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism or Biotransformation
Excretion or Elimination
Serum half-life
Factors that affect pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Process by which a drug is transferred from
its site of entry into the body to the
circulating fluids of the body for
distribution.
Distribution
The ways in which
drugs are transported
by the body’s
circulating fluids to
the sites of action,
metabolism, and
excretion.
Metabolism or Biotransformation
Process by which the body inactivates the drugs.
Liver is the most responsible organ.
Other tissues and organs
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

Skeletal muscle
lungs
Plasma
Kidneys
Intestinal mucosa
Excretion or Elimination
Process of ridding the body of the drug
metabolites and some active drug forms.
Two primary elimination organs
 Kidneys- urine
 GI- feces
Serum half-life
A measure of the time needed for 50% of
the drug to be eliminated from the body.
Factors that affect pharmacokinetics
Age
Body Weight
Metabolic Rate
Illness
Psychologic Aspects
Tolerance
Pharmacology
The study of substances that interact
with living systems through chemical
processes, e.g. by binding to regulatory
molecules that activate or inhibit normal
body processes.
The End
Questions
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