Transcript Chapter 19 - Cengage Learning

Chapter 19
Illegal Drugs and Terrorism
Drug Statistics
• An estimated 2.8 millions Americans are
dependent on illegal drugs.
• Americans spent $64 billion for illegal
drugs in 2000.
• Total economic cost to society in 2000 was
$160 billion.
• In 2000 there were 11,651 drug-related
deaths in 40 U.S. metropolitan areas.
Seven Categories of Drugs
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Central Nervous System Depressants
Central Nervous System Stimulants
Narcotic Analgesics
Hallucinogens
Phencyclidine
Cannabis
Inhalents
Most Commonly Used Drugs
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Cocaine
Codeine
Crack
Heroin
Marijuana
Morphine
Opium
Crack
• A.k.a. rock or crack rock
• Mix cocaine with baking soda and water,
heat solution in a pan, dry and split it into
pellet-size bits or chunks
• Vials sell for $10 to $25 each
• Smoked in glass pipes
• Experience a rapid high
• Much cheaper than cocaine
• 10 times the impact of cocaine
Effects of Crack on the Body
• Brain: creates a craving, irritability, euphoria
followed by severe depression, convulsions,
sleeplessness, inability to feel normal pleasures,
paranoia, psychosis, and a suicidal tendency.
• Heart: increases heart rate and blood pressure,
which can result in arrhythmia or heart attack.
• Lungs: causes similar damage to emphysema.
• Throat: causes sore throat and hoarseness.
• Skin: creates sensation of bugs crawling on skin.
• Appetite: reduces appetite  malnutrition.
Heroin
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Synthesized from morphine
10 times more powerful than morphine
Addictive and expensive
Causes easing of fears, followed by
euphoria, and finally stupor
• South American heroin dominates the U.S.
market
Marijuana
• Classified as a narcotic, depressant, and
hallucinogen
• More than 83 million Americans have tried
it at least once
• Street names: grass, herb, marry Jane, mj,
pot, reefer, and weed
• Outlawed by the Federal Marijuana and
Tax Act of 1927
Methamphetamine
• Synthetic Stimulant made from toxic chemicals
• Taken by snorting, smoking, swallowing, or
injecting
• Typical users: high school and college students
and the working class
• Tweaker: methamphetamine addict
• Street names: blue mollies, chalk, crank, crystal,
glass, go-fast, ice, LA glass, meth, methlies
Quick, Mexican Quick, quartz, Sheba, sketch,
speed, stovetop, West Coast, and yellow bam
Club Drugs
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Ecstacy (MDMA)
Rohypnol (date rape drug/roofies)
GHB
LSD (acid)
2C-B or Nexus
Drug Addict
• “Any person who habitually uses any
habit-forming narcotic drug so as to
endanger the public morals, health, safety
or welfare, or who is or has been so far
addicted to the use of habit-forming
narcotic drugs as to have lost the power of
self-control with reference to the
addiction.”
Symptoms of Drug Abuse
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Sudden changes in discipline and job performance
Unusual degree of activity or inactivity
Sudden, irrational outbursts
Significant deterioration in appearance
Dilated pupils or wearing sunglasses at
inappropriate times or places
• Needle marks or razor cuts or constant wearing of
long sleeves to hide such marks
• Sudden attempts to borrow money or to steal
• Frequent association with known drug
abusers/dealers
Physical Evidence of Possession
or Use of Controlled Substances
• Actual drugs
• Apparatus
associated with
their use
• The suspect’s
appearance and
behavior
• Urine and Blood
tests
Establishing Probable Cause
• Knowledge of the suspect’s criminal record
• Observing other people making contact with the
suspect and finding drugs on them
• Knowing of the suspect’s past relationships with
other drug users or sellers
• Observing actions of the suspect that indicate a
drug buy
• Informants
Undercover Agents
• Be thoroughly conversant with the language of
the user and seller
• Know the street prices of drugs
• Have a tight cover
• Talk little and listen much
• Observe without being noticed
• Devise an excuse to avoid using the drugs
• Work within the seller’s system
• Avoid dangerous situations
Drug-Dealer Officer Dynamics
Money
Drugs
Officer
Freedom
Investigative Aids
• DMAP’s Automated Pin Map
• DEA’s National Drug Pointer Index
(NDPIX)
• Minibuster
• Dogs
• Drug-sniffing pot-bellied pigs
• Mechanical Sniffers
• High-accuracy laser rangefinder
Terrorism Defined
• “The use of force or violence against persons or
property in violation of the criminal laws of the
United States for purposes of intimidation,
coercion, or ransom” – Terrorism Research Center
• “The unlawful use of force or violence against
person or property to intimidate or coerce a
government, the civilian population, or any
segment thereof, in furtherance of political or
social objectives” - FBI
Typologies of Terrorists
• Ideologically motivated
– Theologically motivated
– Politically motivated
• Psychologically dangerous
– Delusional
– Sociopaths
• Seeking revenge for personal benefit
Types of Terrorism
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Eco-terrorism
Cyberterrorism
Technological terrorism
Bioterrorism
Terrorists
• Extremely focused
– Targets are selected for a particular purpose, as is the
method of attack
• Extremely committed
• Team-oriented, operate in cells, often unaware of
the activities or existence of other cells within the
same organization
• Highly disciplined
• Highly trained
• Attack-oriented
Elements of Terrorism
• Criminal in Nature
• Targets are typically symbolic
• Terrorists’ actions are always aggressive
and often violent
• Terrorists’ purpose is to communicate
Approaches to Investigation
• Develop a heightened awareness of
extremist ideologies
• Learn to identify extremists in the field
• Watch for extremists/terrorists events
• Train officers to protect themselves from
these individuals in the field
• Be aware that terrorism is happening