Transcript Lsn 11 Strategy

Strategy
Lsn 11
Strategy
• Strategy is the pursuit, protection, or
advancement of national interests through
the application of the instruments of power
• Instruments of power (DIME)
– Diplomatic
– Informational
– Military
– Economic
Strategic Formulation
National Values
National Interests
Strategic Appraisal
National Policy
National Strategy
Component Strategies
Risk Assessment
Strategic Formulation
• Values
– Represent the legal, philosophical, and moral basis
for continuation of a nation’s system and provide a
sense of national purpose
• Interests
– A nation’s perceived needs and aspirations in relation
to its international environment
• Strategic Appraisal
– Identifies the interests the nation wishes to protect as
well as the threats and challenges to those interests
Strategic Formulation
• National Policy
– A broad course of action or statement of guidance
and objectives that address the promotion and
protection of the nation’s interests
• National Strategy
– A plan to use all the elements of national power
during peace and war to secure the nation’s interests
• Component Strategies
– Each component of the national organization (such as
the military) develops its own plan to use its
resources to support the national strategy
Strategic Formulation
• Risk Assessment
– Because no nation has unlimited resources with
which to pursue its objectives it must make tradeoffs
based on conscious decisions that entail risk
• These risks must be weighed and if they are
determined to be unacceptable, the strategy
must be revised by…
– Reducing the objectives
– Changing the concepts, or
– Increasing the resources
Strategy
• Strategy is about how (way or
concept) leadership will use
the power (means or
resources) available to the
state to exercise control over
sets of circumstances and
geographic locations to
achieve objectives (ends) that
support state interests
• Strategy = Ends (objectives)
+ Ways (course of action) +
Means (instruments)
– Ways to employ means to
achieve ends
Early Cold War Example
• George Kennan was a Soviet expert and director
of the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff
• In the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs he
wrote an article under the pen name “Mr. X”
titled “The Sources of Soviet Conduct.”
• He described the USSR as being driven by an
aggressive and uncompromising ideology that
would stop “only when it meets some
unanswerable force.” (Strategic appraisal)
Early Cold War Example
• Kennan wrote that the
US must adopt a
“policy of firm
containment
designed to confront
the Russians with
unalterable
counterforce at every
point where they show
signs of encroaching
upon the interests of
a peaceful and stable
world.” (National
policy)
Early Cold War Example
• Overall US
strategic
objective was to
contain
communism
– Diplomatic: Truman
Doctrine
– Informational: Radio
Free Europe
– Military: NATO
– Economic: Marshall
Plan
Radio Free Europe used balloons to
carry leaflets over the Iron Curtain to
provide information on RFE’s
programming and messages targeted
at specific events in the communist
bloc countries.
Post- September 11 Example
• On Sept 11, 2001, 19
men affiliated with alQaeda hijacked four
planes and crashed two
into the World Trade
Towers in New York City
and one into the
Pentagon
• The fourth plane
crashed in
Pennsylvania after
passengers attacked
the terrorists
Post- September 11 Example
• On Sept 20, President Bush addressed the
nation and declared “Our war on terror begins
with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will
not end until every terrorist group of global
reach has been found, stopped and defeated…
Our response involves far more than instant
retaliation and isolated strikes. Americans
should not expect one battle, but a lengthy
campaign, unlike any other we have ever
seen. It may include dramatic strikes, visible
on TV, and covert operations, secret even in
success….
Post- September 11 Example
• … We will starve terrorists of funding, turn them
one against another, drive them from place to
place, until there is no refuge or no rest. And we
will pursue nations that provide aid or safe
haven to terrorism. Every nation, in every
region, now has a decision to make. Either you
are with us, or you are with the terrorists. From
this day forward, any nation that continues to
harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by
the United States as a hostile regime.”
The National Security Strategy of
the United States of America
(2002)
• champion aspirations for human dignity;
• strengthen alliances to defeat global terrorism
and work to prevent attacks against us and our
friends;
• work with others to defuse regional conflicts;
• prevent our enemies from threatening us, our
allies, and our friends, with weapons of mass
destruction;
The National Security Strategy of
the United States of America
(2002)
• ignite a new era of global economic growth
through free markets and free trade;
• expand the circle of development by opening
societies and building the infrastructure of
democracy;
• develop agendas for cooperative action with
other main centers of global power; and
• transform America’s national security institutions
to meet the challenges and opportunities of the
twenty-first century.
US Instruments of Power in the
post-September 11 Era
• Diplomatic
– Movement away from multilateralism to unilateral
action
• Informational
– Increased efforts to gather, analyze, and exploit
intelligence
• Military
– Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom
• Economic
– Significant increase in aid to Africa
Practical Exercise
• Go to the CIA World
Factbook
https://www.cia.gov/library/p
ublications/the-worldfactbook/geos/ch.html and
any other source you’d like
and research China
• Do an abbreviated strategic
formulation for China (at
least one comment for each
step in the process)
National Values
National Interests
Strategic Appraisal
National Policy
National Strategy
Component Strategies
Risk Assessment
Next
• Instruments of
Power:
Diplomacy and
Information
Russian Embassy, Washington, DC