Transcript ch_7 powerpoint (consciousness)

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 7
States of
Consciousness
When you are dead, you don't know that you are dead.
It is difficult only for the others...
It is the same when you are stupid...
“Philippe Geluck, quote about stupidity”
Chapter 7 Must know!
A classmate believes that alcohol,
marijuana, and cocaine all have similar
effects on behavior and that therefore all
three drugs ought to be legalized.
Carefully evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses of your classmate’s opinion.
States of Consciousness
Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our
environments
Fantasy Prone Personality
imagines and recalls experiences
with lifelike vividness
spends considerable time
fantasizing
Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythms
periodic physiological fluctuations
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms that occur on
a 24 hour cycle wakefulness body
temperature
Premenstrual
Syndrome p. 274
3
Recalled mood is
worse than
earlier reported
Negative mood
score
2
1
Premenstrual
Actual
Menstrual Intermenstrual
Menstrual phase
Recalled mood
Sleep and Dreams
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
“paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but
other body systems are active
Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
Sleep and Dreams p. 276
Measuring sleep activity
Brain Waves and
Sleep Stages p. 277
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a
relaxed, awake
brain
Hallucinations
false sensory
experiences
Delta Waves
large, slow waves
of deep sleep
Brain Waves and Sleep
Stages p. 277
Stages 3 &4- brain emits large, slow delta
waves. Stage 3 is considered “transitional”
and stage 4 is “deep.”
Delta waves- associated with deep sleep.
Stage 4- end of this stage marked by bed
wetting and sleep walking (2-10 minutes).
Typical Nightly Sleep
Stages p.278
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
Hours of sleep
5
6
7
Typical Nightly Sleep
Stages p. 278
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
15
Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hours of sleep
6
7
8
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss
fatigue
impaired concentration
immune suppression
irritability
slowed performance
accidents
• planes
• autos and trucks
Sleep Deprivation p. 281
March 8, 2015 spring forward
Less sleep,
more accidents
Accident
frequency
More sleep,
fewer accidents
2,800
2,700
4,200
2,600
4000
2,500
3,800
2,400
3,600
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
Monday before time change
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Monday after time change
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
persistent problems in falling or staying
asleep, 10- 15% of adults suffer.
Narcolepsy- 1 in 2,000 is dangerous
uncontrollable sleep attacks- Rusty
Sleep Apnea- affects millions
cessation of breathing
often associated with snoring
repeatedly awakes sufferer
Night Terrors and
Nightmares p. 285
Night Terrors- kids
Sleep
stages
occur within 2 or 3
hours of falling
asleep, usually
during Stage 4
high arousalappearance of
being terrified
Awake
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hours of sleep
7
Nightmares
Night terrors/ sleepwalking- stage 4
Nightmares- REM
occur towards
morning
during REM sleep
Dreams- Freud
Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of
Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying, uncensored meaning
Dreams- Freud
He argues dreams are attempts by our
unconscious to express our hidden
desires, fears, and feelings. Furthermore,
Freud believed dreams contain an
encoded language. This language is highly
subjective to the individual person
because it is based on sensory
symbolisms that are derived from
personal experience
Dreams
Jungian Dream Theory
saw dreams not as symptoms of
repressed desires but as our brains
method of forming connections and
relationships between our waking
experiences
Jung also believed the manifest content of
dreams are more important than the
latent.
Dreams
Activation-synthesis Theory
Activation synthesis theory argues dreams
are the result of randomly firing neurons
during REM sleep.
 The brain therefore constructs
imaginative narratives using cached
sensory memories from you daily life to
make sense of the neuronal messages.
Dreams
Continual-activation Theory
challenges activation-synthesis theory by
arguing the brain actually uses different
mechanisms for REM sleep than for
dreams. The theory was published by Jie
Zhang in 2004.
It relies on the model of memory known
as consolidation theory. "consolidation" of
our waking experiences into long term
memory.
Dreams
As Information Processing
helps consolidate day’s memories
stimulates neural development
REM Rebound
REM sleep increases following REM sleep
deprivation
Hypnosis
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one
person (the hypnotist) suggests to
another (the subject) that certain
perceptions, feelings, thoughts or
behaviors will spontaneously occur
a relaxed state
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Hypnotic Suggestibility
related to subject’s openness to
suggestion
ability to focus attention inwardly
ability to become imaginatively absorbed
Hypnosis
Unhypnotized
persons can
also do this
Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965)
control group instructed to “pretend”
unhypnotized subjects performed the same
acts as the hypnotized ones
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject
is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired
symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis and Pain
Dissociation
a split in consciousness
allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with others
Hidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized
subject’s awareness of experiences, such as
pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
Hypnosis
Divided Consciousness or Social Phenomenon?
Attention is diverted
from an aversive odor.
How?
Divided-consciousness
theory:
hypnosis has caused a
split in awareness
Social Influence
theory:
the subject is so caught
up in the hypnotized
role that she ignores
the odor
Remember the question
we started with…
A classmate believes that alcohol,
marijuana, and cocaine all have similar
effects on behavior and that therefore all
three drugs ought to be legalized.
Carefully evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses of your classmate’s opinion.
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
alters mood
Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence
Big
effect
Drug
effect
Tolerance
need for
progressively larger
doses to achieve
same effect
Response to
first exposure
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Little
effect
Small
Withdrawal
Large
Drug dose
discomfort and
distress with
discontinued use
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity
slow body function
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity
speed up body function
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting)
drugs that distort perceptions
and evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory input
LSD
Psychoactive Drugs
Barbiturates
drugs that depress the
activity of the central nervous
system, reducing anxiety but
impairing memory and
judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates
opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening
pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing accelerated
body functions and associated
energy and mood changes
Cocaine Euphoria and
Crash
Psychoactive Drugs
LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic drug
also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in
marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including
mild hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs
Drug
Type
Pleasurable Effects
Adverse Effects
Alcohol
Depressant
Initial high followed by
relaxation and disinhibition
Depression, memory loss, organ
damage, impaired reactions
Heroin
Depressant
Rush of euphoria, relief from
pain
Depressed physiology,
agonizing withdrawal
Caffeine
Stimulant
Increased alertness and
wakefulness
Anxiety, restlessness, and
insomnia in high doses;
uncomfortable withdrawal
Metham- Stimulant
phetamine
Euphoria, alertness, energy
Irritability, insomnia,
hypertension, seizures
Cocaine
Stimulant
Rush of euphoria, confidence,
energy
Cardiovascular stress,
suspiciousness, depressive crash
Nicotine
Stimulant
Arousal and relaxation, sense
of well-being
Heart disease, cancer (from tars)
Marijuana Mild
Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted
hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation
memory, lung damage from smoke
Trends in Drug Use
80%
High school
seniors
reporting
drug use
70
60
50
Alcohol
40
Marijuana/
hashish
30
20
Cocaine
10
0
1975 ‘77 ‘79
‘81
‘83
‘85
‘87 ‘89
Year
‘91 ‘93
‘95
‘97 ‘99
Perceived Marijuana
Risk
100%
Percent
of
twelfth
graders
Perceived “great risk of
harm” in marijuana use
90
80
70
60
50
40
Used marijuana
30
20
10
0
‘75
‘77
‘79 ‘81 ‘83
‘85
‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93
Year
‘95 ‘97 ‘99
Near Death Experiences
Near Death
Experience
an altered state of
consciousness
reported after a close
brush with death
often similar to druginduced
hallucinations
Near Death Experiences
Dualism
the presumption that mind and body
are two distinct entities that interact
Monism
the presumption that mind and body
are different aspects of the same thing