Transcript Introduction to Psychology

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(6th Ed)
Chapter 7
States of Consciousness
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
States of Consciousness
Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our
environments
Fantasy Prone Personality
imagines and recalls experiences
with lifelike vividness
spends considerable time
fantasizing
Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythms
periodic physiological fluctuations
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms that occur on
a 24 hour cycle wakefulness body
temperature
Sleep and Dreams
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
“paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but
other body systems are active
Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
Sleep and Dreams
Measuring sleep activity
Brain Waves and
Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a
relaxed, awake
brain
Delta Waves
large, slow waves
of deep sleep
Hallucinations
false sensory
experiences
Typical Nightly Sleep
Stages
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
Hours of sleep
5
6
7
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss
fatigue
impaired concentration
immune suppression
irritability
slowed performance
accidents
• planes
• autos and trucks
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
persistent problems in falling or staying
asleep
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks
Sleep Apnea
cessation of breathing
often associated with snoring
repeatedly awakes sufferer
Night Terrors and
Nightmares
Night Terrors
Sleep
stages
Awake
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hours of sleep
7
occur within 2 or 3
hours of falling
asleep, usually
during Stage 4
high arousalappearance of
being terrified
Nightmares
occur towards
morning
during REM sleep
Dreams- Freud
Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of
Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying, uncensored meaning
REM Rebound
REM sleep increases following REM sleep
deprivation
In other words, When you are sleep deprived
you lose out on two types of sleep, REM and
NREM (non-REM). Typically when you have a
chance to fall asleep after sleep deprivation
you have a tendency to get more REM sleep
than you would normally get. This is your
body's way of trying to catch up on its REM
sleep.
Others have asked “Why do
we dream?”
 information processing: dreams sift, sort,
and interpret gathered information from the day
and set it into memory
 physiological function: exercise for the
inactive brain, develop or preserve new neural
pathways
 activation synthesis theory: the brain
functions randomly in the night, triggering
different areas of the brain, dreams attempt to
make sense of the signals
Sleep Patterns and
Age
Near Death Experiences
Near Death
Experience
an altered state of
consciousness
reported after a close
brush with death
often similar to druginduced
hallucinations
Hypnosis
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one
person (the hypnotist) suggests to
another (the subject) that certain
perceptions, feelings, thoughts or
behaviors will spontaneously occur
a relaxed state
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Hypnotic Suggestibility
related to subject’s openness to
suggestion
ability to focus attention inwardly
ability to become imaginatively absorbed
Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965)
control group instructed to “pretend”
unhypnotized subjects performed the same
acts as the hypnotized ones
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject
is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired
symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis and Pain
Dissociation
a split in consciousness
allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with others
Hidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized
subject’s awareness of experiences, such as
pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
alters mood
Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence
Big
effect
Drug
effect
Tolerance
need for
progressively larger
doses to achieve
same effect
Response to
first exposure
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Little
effect
Small
Withdrawal
Large
Drug dose
discomfort and
distress with
discontinued use
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity
slow body function
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity
speed up body function
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting)
drugs that distort perceptions
and evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory input
LSD
Psychoactive Drugs
Barbiturates
drugs that depress the
activity of the central nervous
system, reducing anxiety but
impairing memory and
judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates
opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening
pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing accelerated
body functions and associated
energy and mood changes
Cocaine Euphoria and
Crash
Psychoactive Drugs
LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic drug
also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in
marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including
mild hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs
Drug
Type
Pleasurable Effects
Adverse Effects
Alcohol
Depressant
Initial high followed by
relaxation and disinhibition
Depression, memory loss, organ
damage, impaired reactions
Heroin
Depressant
Rush of euphoria, relief from
pain
Depressed physiology,
agonizing withdrawal
Caffeine
Stimulant
Increased alertness and
wakefulness
Anxiety, restlessness, and
insomnia in high doses;
uncomfortable withdrawal
Metham- Stimulant
phetamine
Euphoria, alertness, energy
Irritability, insomnia,
hypertension, seizures
Cocaine
Stimulant
Rush of euphoria, confidence,
energy
Cardiovascular stress,
suspiciousness, depressive crash
Nicotine
Stimulant
Arousal and relaxation, sense
of well-being
Heart disease, cancer (from tars)
Marijuana Mild
Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted
hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation
memory, lung damage from smoke
Trends in Drug Use
80%
High school
seniors
reporting
drug use
70
60
50
Alcohol
40
Marijuana/
hashish
30
20
Cocaine
10
0
1975 ‘77 ‘79
‘81
‘83
‘85
‘87 ‘89
Year
‘91 ‘93
‘95
‘97 ‘99