Transcript OTC Products

OTC PRODUCTS
Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade
M. Pharm., Ph. D
Department of Pharmaceutics
Faculty of Pharmacy
Omer Al-Mukhtar University
Tobruk, Libya.
E-mail: [email protected]
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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CONTENTS
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Introduction (antacid products)
Antidiarrheal products
Laxative products
Cold and allergy products
Constipation
Acne vulgaris
References
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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Introduction
(antacid products)
• Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are those available
without a prescription. These are also called as nonprescription drugs.
• OTC drugs enable people to relieve many bothersome
symptoms and to cure some diseases simply and
without the cost of seeing a doctor.
• In addition to the substances such as aspirin and
acetaminophen that people typically think of as OTC
drugs, many other commonly available products are
considered OTC drugs.
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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Historical Background
• At one time, most drugs were available without a
prescription.
• Before the FDA existed, just about anything could be
put in a bottle and sold as a sure-fire cure.
• An amendment to the FD & C Act in 1951 attempted
to clarify the difference between OTC and
prescription drugs and to deal with issues of drug
safety.
• As noted by an amendment to the FD & C Act of
1962, OTC drugs were required to be both effective
and safe.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
2014/06/17
Tobruk, Libya.
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Antacid products
• Antacids neutralize stomach acid.
• Although antacids cannot completely neutralize
stomach acid, they can raise the pH level in the
stomach from 2 (very acidic) to between 3 and 4.
• This increase neutralizes almost 99% of stomach acid
and significantly relieves symptoms for most people.
• Antacids provide relief more quickly than H2 blockers,
but H2 blockers provide longer-lasting relief.
• Most antacid products contain one or more of four
active ingredients: aluminum salts, magnesium salts,
calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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Antacid products
• Sodium Bicarbonate: One of the least expensive and
most radily available antacids is sodium bicarbonate,
or baking soda, neutralizes acid quickly. Too much
bicarbonate can disturb body’s acid-base balance and
lead to metabolic alkalosis
• Calcium Carbonate: Calcium carbonate acts fast
and neutralizes acids for a relatively long time. It is
an inexpensive source of calcium. Amounts range
from 500 to 1000 milligrams per tablet or dose. The
maximum daily amount sholud not exceed 2000
milligrams.
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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Antidiarrheal products
• These include loperamide and bismuth subsalicylate.
• Loperamide works by slowing down the speed of
fluids moving through your bowels.
• Bismuth subsalicylate works by balancing the way
fluid moves through your bowels.
• It also binds toxins (poisons) from bacteria so that
they are not harmful and helps kill germs.
• Because bismuth subsalicylate contains salicylate, it
is not taken with pain relievers such as aspirin which
too contains salicylate.
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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Laxative products
• Laxatives are used for occasional constipation when
bowel movements are infrequent or difficult.
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Bulk-forming laxatives
Methylcellulose
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Lubricants
Mineral oil
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Stool softeners
Docusate sodium
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Saline laxatives
Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia)
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Stimulant laxatives
Bisacodyl
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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Laxative products
• Bulk-forming laxative add bulk and water to your stools.
• Lubricant laxatives work by coating the surface of the
stools.
• This helps the stools hold in water so they move out of
the body more easily.
• Stool softeners help mix fluid into stools to soften them,
makes stools easier to pass out of the body.
• Saline laxatives draw fluid into the bowel from nearby
tissue.
• Laxative softens stools and helps the bowel move them
out.
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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Laxative products
• Stimulant laxatives are the harshest laxatives. They
cause the bowel to squeeze or contract to move the
stools out.
• Laxatives are not supposed to take for longer than 1
week unless doctor advised.
• Long-term use or overuse of laxatives can cause
health problems.
• They can be used on a daily basis to help ease
symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and other
bowel problems.
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
10
Cold products
• Occasionally a cold or cough may be a sign of a more
serious disorder.
• Ideally, each cold symptom should be treated with a
single drug.
• Cold remedies containing antihistamines should not
be taken with alcohol, sleep aids, tranquilizers or
other drugs that also cause drowsiness and decrease
alertness.
• Such a combination may intensify the sedating effects
of the drugs.
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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Allergy products
• For allergies affecting the nose and respiratory tract
(such as hay fever), OTC antihistamines that can be
taken by mouth are available.
• For allergies affecting the skin, creams or lotions that
contain an antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine
can be applied to the skin.
• Lotions, creams and ointments that contain
hydrocortisone, acorticosteroid are effective in
relieving itching associated with allergies, minor skin
irritations and inflammation.
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
12
Constipation
• Scientific definitions rely mostly on stool number;
most surveys have found the normal stool frequency
on a western diet to be at least 3 times a week.
• Aluminum salts, which dissolve slowly in the
stomach, start to work gradually but provide longlasting relief.
• Constipation related to medications can be corrected
by use of alternatives, where possible, or adjustment
of drug dosage.
• In addition to treating constipation, laxatives
frequently are employed.
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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Acne vulgaris
• Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is common
skin condition. It is caused by changes in the
pilosebaceous units, skin structures consisting of a
hair follicle and its associated sebaceous gland.
• The two ingredients found in most OTC products are
benzoyl peroxide cream and salicylic acid.
• Benzoyl peroxide cream kills the acne causing
bacteria and causes the skin to dry and flake offwhich prevents the clogging of pores.
• Salicylic acid often comes in cotton pads that are
soaked in the solution and used to exfoliate the skin.
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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THANK YOU
e-mail: [email protected]
2014/06/17
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University,
Tobruk, Libya.
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