Transcript LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

Slide 1
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States of Consciousness
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
States of Consciousness
Wide Awake:
Normal Waking Consciousness
• Consciousness – state of awareness
– More than one kind of state
– Qualities of awareness vary
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Slide 2
States of Consciousness
Wide Awake:
Normal Waking Consciousness
• Daydreams
– Everyday consciousness and dreams combined
– Thinking and feeling not bound by logic
– Freud: daydreams reduce tensions
– Content varies from sorrow to sexual desire
– Some dreams create tensions
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States of Consciousness
Divided Consciousness
• Being two places (mentally) at the same time
– Hilgard: conscious awareness is split and
simultaneously perform two activities
– Driving and talking on cell phone?
– Some studies strongly suggest conscious
awareness cannot be allocated
– Distractions linked to errors and accidents?
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States of Consciousness
The Concept of the Unconscious Mind
• Unconscious – consciously unaware
• Cocktail party phenomenon - one voice in a
room gets attention while all other voices
are tuned out
– Voice processes unconsciously by brain
– Giving more attention to threatening words
than nonthreatening words – emotional cues?
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States of Consciousness
Sleep and Dreams:
Conscious While Asleep
• Sleep is complex combination of states
• Stages of sleep
– Hypnagogic state – twilight
– Stages of light and deep sleep
• Four stages of progressively deeper sleep
• Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures
changing brain activity during sleep stages
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Slide 7
Relaxed - awake
Stage 3 sleep
Stage 1 sleep
spindles
Stage 2 sleep
Zzzz
Stage 4 sleep
REM sleep
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Slide 8
States of Consciousness
REM Sleep and Dreams
• 1952 at University of Chicago – first REM
sleep recorded in child with EEG
– Movement of eyes related to dreaming
– REM – rapid-eye-movement sleep
– Webb: dream sleep is like autonomic storms
• Blood flow to brain increases
• Irregular heartbeat
• Face and finger muscles twitch
• Irregular breathing
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Slide 9
REM
EEG
Sleep stage
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+1
+2
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Hours of sleep
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States of Consciousness
Time Spent Dreaming
• College survey
– 15% dream every night
– 25% dream on most nights
– Almost one-third rarely or never dream
• Studies show average college student
– Spends 2 hours a night in REM sleep, divided into
four to six separate episodes
– Length of REM dreams vary, longest about 1 hour
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States of Consciousness
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Non-REM Sleep and Dreams
• Non-REM dreams occur more frequently
– Dreams less bizarre, less negative emotions on
average than REM dreams
– Occurs in about half of 4 to 6 hours during sleep
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Slide 12
States of Consciousness
Circadian Rhythms
• Biological cycle, regulates patterns of sleep
– Cycle length of about 24 hours
– Parts of body’s internal clock
• Hypothalamus
• Hormone melatonin
• Pituitary gland secretes growth hormone
• Adrenal stress hormone – cortisol secretion
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Slide 13
States of Consciousness
Circadian Rhythms
• Biological cycle
– Body temperature linked to cycle
– Influenced by light and dark illumination
– Body’s clock resets each day at daylight
• Disrupting circadian rhythms
– Flying west – longer period of daylight
– Flying east – less time adapting to jet lag
– Effects of shift work: easier to rotate from night
to day
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Slide 14
It takes longer to adjust to local sleep
schedules and get over jet lag when
traveling west to east
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1
1
Average number of
days to adjust to
local sleep schedule
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Average number of
days to adjust to
local sleep schedule
States of Consciousness
Slide 15
Sleep Deprivation and the Need for Sleep
• Create sleep debt if sleep is missed
• Lost sleep changes behavior
– Irritable
– Fatigued
– Inattentive and inefficient
– Fall asleep faster, sleep longer the next night
– Webb: sleep has protective role, not health linked
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States of Consciousness
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Sleep Deprivation and the Need for Sleep
• Current research good health linked to sleep
– Short-term deprivation slows immune system
– Possible links to diabetes, obesity, and other
life-threatening medical conditions
– Most sleep 7 to 8 hours per night
– High death rates associated with extreme sleep
deprivation (ie: accidental deaths)
– Need for REM sleep and dreaming is clear
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Slide 17
States of Consciousness
Content of Dreams
• Fascinating aspect since ancient pharaohs
• Psychologists still seek meaning of dreams
– Calkins: first systematic study
– Great advances made in sleep labs
• Images and characters in dreams
– About 25% or less have auditory, bodily, or
sexual body sensations
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States of Consciousness
Content of Dreams
• Images and characters in dreams
– Most dreams have blurry backgrounds and few
intense colors
– Dreamer has active role about 75% of time
– About 50% of characters are known to dreamer
– Characters are about even mixture of males and
females
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States of Consciousness
Sweet Dreams:
The Emotional Content of Dreams
• Most dreams contain positive emotions
• Negative dreams late in the sleep cycle are
more likely to wake a person
• Gender differences exist in emotional
qualities of dreams
– Men more likely to recall positive dreams
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Slide 19
States of Consciousness
Sweet Dreams:
The Emotional Content of Dreams
• Gender differences
– Men’s dreams
• Less friendliness between characters
• Less aggression toward other dream players
– Both men and women
• More likely to be victim than perpetrator
when verbal/physical aggression in dreams
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Slide 20
States of Consciousness
Slide 21
Creative and Bizarre Aspects of Dreams
• Dreams amazingly creative and bizarre
– About 75% of dreams have at least one bizarre
or unrealistic element
– About 10% of dreams have nonsensical story
– About 10% of dreams are fantastic and bizarre
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Slide 22
States of Consciousness
Meaning of Dreams
• Day residue and stimulus incorporation
– Freud: day residue – one character or event
from preceding day, week, or earlier life
included in dream
– Events and concerns of daily life are among
most common things in dreams
– Stimulus incorporation: something in real
environment is directly incorporated in dream
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Slide 23
States of Consciousness
Dream Interpretation
• Psychologists’ views vary on meanings of
dreams
– Freudians: hidden conflicts and motives of
unconscious mind are symbols in dreams
• Manifest level of dreams – the obvious
• Latent content level – the hidden meanings
– Controversy over Freud’s interpretations
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States of Consciousness
Slide 24
Nightmares and Other Sleep Phenomena
• Nightmares – terrifying dreams
– Occur during REM sleep
– Upsetting enough to awake the dreamer
• Night terrors are less common
– Awakens in state of panic, sometimes
screaming with poor memory of dream content
– Occur during deepest phases of non-REM sleep
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States of Consciousness
Slide 25
Nightmares and Other Sleep Phenomena
• Sleepwalking
– Occurs in deepest phases of non-REM sleep
– Rise out of bed, carry on complicated activities
– Most common in children before age of puberty
• Sleeptalking
– Common in any phase of sleep cycle
– Most common in young adults
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Slide 26
States of Consciousness
Sleep Disorders
• Usually troublesome but highly treatable
disorders - sleep is normal once it begins
– Insomnia: sleeping less than one wishes to
• Sleep-onset disorder - difficulty falling
asleep when desired
• Early-awakening insomnia – waking up too
early or several times during night
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Slide 27
States of Consciousness
Sleep Disorders
• Narcolepsy – rare sleep disorder
– Effects one-half of 1%, impact is quite serious
– Person suddenly, unexpectedly falls asleep
during any activity or event
– Dream sleep but not REM sleep
– Affects those getting adequate sleep
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Slide 28
States of Consciousness
Sleep Disorders
• Sleep apnea – sudden, temporary
interruption of breathing during sleep
– Interruptions last longer than 20 seconds
– Common in overweight and older adults
– Causation may be
• Too much relaxation of throat muscles
• Temporary cessation of brain signals for
breathing
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States of Consciousness
Slide 29
Altered States of Consciousness
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General characteristics
Types of states
Distortions of perception
Intense positive emotions
Sense of unity
Illogical
Indescribable
Transcendent
Self-evident reality
– Meditation
– During drug use
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– Moment of
religious
conversion
– Unusual intense
sexual orgasm
States of Consciousness
Slide 30
Altered States
• Meditation
– Roots in Buddhism
– Many varieties of meditation
• Simplest – relax, concentrate on breathing
• Mantras – silent repetition of sounds or
words with special meaning have calm effect
• Transcendental state – achieved, desired
altered state of consciousness
– Natural remedy for stress-related problems
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States of Consciousness
Slide 31
Altered States
• Mindfulness - focus awareness on present
– Example: father concentrates on children,
blocks out thoughts of work and other events
– Mindfulness training may reduce mood
disturbance during stressful experiences
– Not all benefit from intense focusing on present
• Psychologists have great interest in this
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States of Consciousness
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Altered States
• Hypnosis
•
– Hypnotist’s voice talks or lulls person into
altered state of consciousness
– Typical characteristics
• Relaxation
• Hypnotic hallucinations
•
• Hypnotic analgesia
• Hypnotic age regression
• Hypnotic control
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States of Consciousness
Slide 33
Mesmer and Mesmerism
• Mesmer trained in classical medicine
– Unusual practice called quackery by others
– Treated patients with magnetic seances
– Sought to creat magnetism in patient’s body
– Created mysterious hypnotic trance known as
Mesmerism
• Limited belief that pain of some may be
effectively controlled with hypnotism
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States of Consciousness
Slide 34
Depersonalization
• Perceptual experience of one’s body
becoming distorted or unreal in some way
– Astral projection: out-of-body experience
– Reoccurring experiences may be indication of
psychological problems
– Isolated experiences seem quite normal
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States of Consciousness
Slide 35
Drugs and Altered Consciousness
• Induced altered states involving chemicals
• Psychotropic drugs
– Influence specific neurotransmitters in brain
– Range of effects: mild to vivid hallucinations
– Four major categories
• Depressants
• Hallucinogens
• Stimulants
• Inhalants
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States of Consciousness
Drug Use: Basic Considerations
• Five factors affecting response to a drug
– Dose and purity
– Personal characteristics
– Expectations
– Social situation
– Moods
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Slide 36
States of Consciousness
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Psychotropic Drugs
• Many are used and abused today
• Stimulants
• Powerful in effects
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Uppers
• Often powerfully addictive
Caffeine
• Usually used illegally
Nicotine
Amphetamines
• Methamphetamine (speed, crystal meth, ice)
• Amphetamine psychosis – prolonged
reaction to excessive use of stimulants
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Slide 38
Anxiety
Hostility
Depression
Change in
test score
for each
measure of
emotion
3
Change in emotion
after drinking
decaffeinated
coffee, and coffee
containing small
or large amounts
of caffeine
2
1
0
None
Low
Dose of caffeine
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High
States of Consciousness
Slide 39
Psychotropic Drugs
• Stimulants
– Cocaine – powder, injected, or smoked
• Produces both positive and negative
emotions dependent on when used
• Reduces need for food and sleep
• Dangerous to even occasional user – can
cause heart attacks
• User tolerance varies so overdose is easy
– Ephedra (ma huang) – herbal stimulant
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States of Consciousness
Slide 40
Psychotropic Drugs
• Depressants
– Sedatives
• Used for sleep problems
• Both highly addictive and
dangerous with alcohol
• Ambien
• Halcion
• Restoril
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– Tranquilizers
• Milder drugs
• Common names
• Xanax
• Valium
• Librium
• Ativan
• Miltown
• Equanil
States of Consciousness
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Psychotropic Drugs
• Depressants
– Narcotics: Opium
• Powerful, high physiological addictive;
prolonged addiction profoundly damages body
• Use of opium poppy is over 7,000 years old
– Opiates: Morphine, heroin, codeine
• Sudden rush, then relaxed state
– Labs have produced synthetic narcotics
• Demerol, Percodan, OxyContin
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States of Consciousness
Slide 42
Psychotropic Drugs
• Inhalants
– Produce sense of intoxication
– Types
• Glue
• Cleaning fluid
• Paint
– Use more common among children
– Highly addictive, extremely dangerous
as toxic fumes cause brain damage
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States of Consciousness
Psychotropic Drugs
• Hallucinogens
• Types
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LSD
Mescaline
Psilocybin
PCP
– Alter perceptual experiences
– Imaginary visions, too real
– Usually not physiologically addictive
– High risk of psychological dependence
• Flashbacks or bad trips affect about 25%
of regular users
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Slide 43
States of Consciousness
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Psychotropic Drugs
• PCP or phencyclidine
– Derived from animal tranquilizer
– Usage common among adolescents
– Effects last 4 to 6 hours
– Some experience hallucinations, detachment
from the environment, and euphoria
– Considered one of most dangerous street
drugs
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States of Consciousness
Slide 45
Psychotropic Drugs
• Marijuana
– Hotly debated, popular conscious-altering drug
– Not physically addictive; regular users have
uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms
– Prolonged use
• decreases cognitive processing efficiency
• Weakens immune system response
• Decreases action of male sex hormones
• Greatly increases risk of lung cancer
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States of Consciousness
Slide 46
Psychotropic Drugs
• Act-Alike and Designer Drugs
– Legal in most states to manufacture and sell
drugs that look and act like illegal substances
– Act-alike drugs: combinations of high doses of
powdered caffeine and some over-the-counter
decongestants produce same effects of
amphetamines
– Designer drugs – not yet classified illegal
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States of Consciousness
Drug Abuse and Dependence
• Drug abuse – when it causes physical or
psychological harm
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Alcohol and liver damage
Inhalants and brain damage
Performance decline and marijuana
Stimulants and heart attacks
Shared needles and HIV
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Slide 47
States of Consciousness
Drug Abuse and Dependence
• Drug dependence – intense cravings and
withdrawal symptoms when not using drug
– Three reasons for psychoactive drug addiction
• Sensitization of pleasure and reward
systems in the brain
• Reduction of negative feelings
• Learning
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Slide 48
States of Consciousness
Slide 49
Human Diversity:
Substance Abuse and Human Diversity
• Drug and alcohol abuse – major U.S. problem
– About 1 in 4 once had substance abuse problem
– Men 2x as likely as women to abuse substances
– African Americans less likely to abuse drugs,
alcohol, and tobacco than whites; ethnic influence
counters income and education trends
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States of Consciousness
Slide 50
Nicotine and Alcohol
• Nicotine found in tobacco products
– Usage rates high, given clear evidence of cancer,
heart attacks, lung and birth problems, and death
– Most smokers began in teenage years. Why?
• Peer pressure
• Rebel against parental authority
• Nicotine dependence takes over
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States of Consciousness
Slide 51
Nicotine and Alcohol
• Alcohol
– Works as depressant in liquid form
• Stimulates sociability, depresses inhibitions
• Reduces anxiety, increases self-confidence
• Can deepen moods, increase aggression
– Impairs visual judgment, motor control, and
induces sleepiness
– Heavy use harms work, health, and social life
• Fetal alcohol syndrome
• Alcoholism
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Slide 52
States of Consciousness
5
The End
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