Transcript STRESS MANAGEMENT

STRESS MANAGEMENT
Dr. Terrence Bernard
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
Please do not reproduce without permission.
Outline
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DEFINITION
EXAMPLES OF STRESSFULL EVENTS
CATEGORIES OF STRESSFULL EVENTS
REACTIONS TO STRESS
Psychological
Physiological
EFFECT ON HEALTH
Direct
Indirect
MANAGING STRESS
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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DEFINITION
• Experiencing events that are perceived as
endangering one’s physical or psychological
wellbeing.
• Events = stressors
• Reaction = stress response
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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EXAMPLES OF STRESSFULL
EVENTS
• Major changes - affecting large numbers of
people, e.g. war, nuclear accidents, earthquakes.
• Major changes – affecting the individual e.g.
moving to new area,changing jobs, getting
married, losing a friend, serious illness
• Everyday hassles – e.g. losing wallet, stuck in
traffic
• Source of stress within the individual – e.g.
conflicting emotions or desires
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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CATEGORIES OF
STRESSFULL EVENTS
• Traumatic events
• = Situations of extreme danger outside the
range of normal human experience.
• e.g. natural disasters, disasters caused by
human activity, physical assaults,
catastrophic accidents
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Traumatic events
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stages
stunned, dazed,  sensory perception
passive
anxious,  concentration
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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CATEGORIES OF
STRESSFULL EVENTS
• Uncontrollable events
• The more the perception of uncontrollable
the greater the perception of stressful
• Major
• Minor
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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CATEGORIES OF
STRESSFULL EVENTS
• Unpredictable events
• Severity of stress is reduced by the ability to
predict the event
• Warning signal allow preparation
• Relax in between
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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CATEGORIES OF
STRESSFULL EVENTS
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Challenge our limits
Push us to limit of capabilities
Challenges our view of self
e.g. final exam week
Marriage
Holmes and Rahe
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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CATEGORIES OF
STRESSFULL EVENTS
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Internal conflicts
Conscious or unconscious
Incompatible goals
Inner needs in opposition
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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REACTIONS TO STRESS
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Psychological
Anxiety
Anger and aggression
Apathy and depression
Cognitive impairment
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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REACTIONS TO STRESS
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Physiological
Fight or flight response
General adaptation syndrome
Alarm resistance exahaustion
Toughness
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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EFFECT ON HEALTH
• Direct – Psycho physiological disorders
• immune sytem
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• indirect – health related behaviors
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
Please do not reproduce without permission.
MANAGING STRESS
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
Please do not reproduce without permission.
Coping
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problem focused
define problem
generate alternative solution
weighing alternative
choosing
implementing selected alternative
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Coping
• emotion focused
o used to prevent negative emotions from
overwhelming
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Coping
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BEHAVIORAL
Physical exercise
Alcohol and drugs
Venting anger
Seeking emotional support
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Coping
o COGNITIVE
o Temporarily setting the problem aside
o Reducing the threat by changing the
meaning of the situation
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Coping
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Repressive
Deny negative emotions
Push out of conscious awareness
Maladaptive
Chronic over arousal
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Coping
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Expressive
Expressing emotion
Good
Makes fears and emotions more concrete
Listeners provide social support
Talking help to habituate to trauma
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Coping
• Ruminative
o Isolating ourselves to think about how bad
we feel
o Worrying about consequences of stressful
event
o Repeatedly talking about how bad things
are without trying to change them
o Maladaptive
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Coping
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Seeking emotional support
Helps emoytional and physical adjustment
More positive physical health
Avoid rumination
Makes stress more bearable
 social ties,  stress related illness
 self esteem
community disasters
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
Please do not reproduce without permission.
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES
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biofeedback
relaxation training
meditation
exercise
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
Please do not reproduce without permission.
COGNITIVE TECHNIQUES
Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
Please do not reproduce without permission.