Transcript Slide 1

Chemistry 1010
Organic naming and functional
groups
Names of Strait Chains
methane
CH4
CH3CH3 ethane
CH3CH2CH3 propane
CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 heptane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 octane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 nonane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 decane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 undecane
Names of Substituents
H
H C
H
H C H
methyl
H
H H
H C C
H C
ethyl
ios-propyl
H C H
H
H H
H H H H
H H H
H C C C
propyl
H
C C C C
H H H H
H H H
F (Floro)
Cl (Chloro)
Br (Bromo)
I (Iodo)
butyl
Naming Rules
1. Find the longest carbon chain
2. Circle the longest chain
3. Number the chain starting at the
end with closest substituent
4. Name the substituents
5. Name the longest chain
Naming Tips
1. When two or more substituents are on the same carbon, use the
number twice.
2. When two or more substituents are identical, use prefixes
3. When two chains are the same length, use the one with the
most substituents on it.
4. If substituents are at equall distances from the ends of the
chain, go to the next substituent.
Functional group
A Group or Family in Organic Chemistry
Alkane
Alkyne
Alcohol
Ketone
Ester
Amine
Alkene
Halogenated
Aldehyde
Carboxylic Acid
Ether
R - Group
A Hydrocarbon chain of Varied Length
Alcohol Functional Group
R –OH
CH3 – OH
CH3CH2 – OH
CH3CH2CH2 – OH
ETHANOL
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
OH
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) or grain alcohol
a. Made from the fermentation of grain, fruit, or sugar
b. C6H12O6 + yeast  2C2H5OH + CO2
c. The alcohol that is in beverages
d. Added to automotive fuels – 10% as gasohal
e. 1 pint of pure alcohol will kill most people
f. caused deterioration of the liver, memory loss
and is harmful to unborn babies
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
OH
H
H
C C
H
H C H
H
H
Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)
a. Alcohol used for cuts and cleaning
b. Will not be absorbed by the skin
c. Toxic if taken internally
d. Sold as a 70% solution – 140 proof
Ethylene glycol
H
H
H C C H
HO
OH
Ethylene glycol
a. Used for antifreeze in cars
b. Very sweet tasting
c. Toxic – caused kidney failure and death
H
H
H C C H
HO
OH
O O
Liver
C C
HO
Kidney
CaC 2O4
OH
Oxalic acid
Calcium Oxalate
ALDEHYDE
O
R C H
BENZALDEHYDE
O
C H
Benzaldehyde
a. called synthetic oil of almond
b. used as flavoring – maraschino cherries
c. used in perfumes
Ketone
O
R
C
R
ACETONE
O
Acetone
a. Made from Isopropyl alcohol
CH3
O
OH
H 3C CH
H3C
C
CH 3
-H
H 3C
C
CH 3
b. Used as a solvent for fats, rubber, plastics, and varnishes
c. Used as fingernail polish remover
d. Will not mix with water
Washes water off of glassware after cleaning
CARBOXYLIC ACID
O
R
C
OH
R COOH
FORMIC ACID
O
H
C
OH
Formic Acid
a. Irritant to skin
b. Part of the venom in ants, bee’s, or wasps
ACETIC ACID
O
CH 3 C
OH
Acetic acid
The acid in vinegar
ESTERS
O
R
O
R
O
O
Apricot (pentyl buterate)
O
O
Orange (Octyl acetate)
O
CH3 C O
Jasmine (benzyl acetate)
ETHER
R O R
DIETHYL ETHER
O
Diethyl ether
a. Used as a solvent
b. Used for thinning paints
c. Boils at 36 C (dries quickly)
d. Used as anesthetic or as a drug
e. Dissolves organic compounds readily
f. Reacts with oxygen to form unstable peroxides
TERT-BUTYL ETHER
CH3
CH3 O C CH3
CH3
Tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
a. Gasoline additive
b. Reduces CO emissions
c. Replaced lead as the antiknock compound
AMINES
R
primary
H N
H
H
R
H N
R N
H
H
amonia
secondary
R
R N
R
tertiary
H
CH2 CH2 N
H
Amphetamine (stimulant drug)
CH3
CH3 N
H
Dimethyl amine
used in volcanizing rubber, tanning hydes
and making of soaps
CH3
CH2
H3C
CH2 N
CH2
CH3
Triethyl amine
attracts insects
warning agent in natural gas