ALAT Chapter 13 - Arizona Branch of AALAS
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Transcript ALAT Chapter 13 - Arizona Branch of AALAS
Chapter Thirteen
Drug Therapy and Common Diseases
of Laboratory Animals
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Drug Therapy
Analgesics = pain relievers
aspirin, Tylenol®, morphine, buprenorphine
Anesthetics = make animals unconscious.
methoxyflurane, halothane, isoflurane, ketamine,
pentobarbital
Antibiotics = reduce no. of microorganisms.
penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Cortisone - aka steroids reduce swelling, itching & pain
prednisone, dexamethasone and many other related drugs
NSAIDs have fewer side effects than steroids.
aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen
Antiparasitics = kill parasites living on or in host.
Drug Therapy II
Anthelmintics - eliminate worms
thiabendazole, piperazine & ivermectin
Insecticides - kill parasites on skin & fur
available as sprays, liquids, powders, dips...
carbaryl, pyrethrins & various organophosphates
Antiprotozoals - kill protozoan parasites
Metronidazole is a commonly used antiprotozoal.
Tranquilizers - used before anesthetic to reduce
amount of anesthetic needed
acepromazine, diazepam, xylazine
Drugs could alter experimental results.
Health programs focus on prevention, not treatment.
Methods of Drug Dosing
Certain anesthetics inhaled as a vapor or gas.
Blood vessels in lungs absorb vaporized anesthetics &
carry them to brain, where primary action occurs.
Topical drugs or chemicals applied directly
creams, ointments, aqueous solutions, tinctures,
powders & sprays
Aquatics treated by adding medication to tank.
Oral drugs mixed in feed or water or inserted
directly into mouth.
Instilled into esophagus or stomach by gavage.
Suppositories for insertion in rectum of lg. animal
Dissolved & taken into body through membranes.
(Images) Oral Dosing
Oral Dosing
Methods of Drug Dosing II
Parenteral = administration of drugs by means
other than through gastrointestinal system.
Allows drugs to enter bloodstream more directly.
Technique chosen depends on:
speed of absorption
its effect on the tissues
volume to be injected
technical skill required
Intramuscular (IM) - injected into large muscle
mass
It is absorbed into the blood vessels in muscle around
injection site.
Methods of Drug Dosing III
Intravenous (IV) - into a large vein
Subcutaneous (SC or SQ) - into area between skin
and underlying musculature
Intradermal (ID) - into dermal layer of skin, slow
systemic absorption takes place
Intraperitoneal (IP) - into abdominal cavity
Prevent accidental injection into internal organs.
IP injection used in rodents which lack sizeable muscles
or blood vessels for injection.
Intracardiac (IC) - directly into heart
Used when drug must be rapidly administered.
Risk that pericardium or heart muscle could be lacerated.
(Images)
Parenteral
Dosing
Intravenous (IV)
Subcutaneous (SC or SQ)
Intradermal (ID)
Intraperatoneal (IP)
Intracardiac (IC)
Treatment Record Keeping
Helps plan strategies to treat abnormal conditions
or prevent disease outbreaks.
Helps investigators interpret & analyze test results.
Supports personal interpretations w/ specific data.
Health report form, treatment form, surgery form,
log book, animal’s health record
If a mistake is made, a SINGLE line is used to
cross out mistake, & technician places initials
beside error.
ALL entries in a record should have
correct date & initials of person
making entry.
Diseases of Laboratory Animals
Some facilities have particular animal colony
health problems often identified in that facility.
Technicians should review these common health
problems w/ facility veterinarian.
Review signs, treatments & reporting procedures
to ensure all common disease problems are
promptly noted & appropriate animal care
provided.
Diseases of Laboratory Animals II
Signs of skin disorders caused by trauma, microbes
or infestation w/ external parasites are alopecia,
pruritus, & rough hair coat.
Signs of respiratory diseases caused by bacterial or
viral microbes are coughing, discharge, dyspnea,
listlessness, sneezing.
Signs of gastrointestinal disease commonly
associated with parasites, toxic chemicals &
microbial infection are anorexia, constipation,
diarrhea, listlessness, loss of weight, prolapse,
stunted, vomiting.
Diseases of Laboratory Animals III
Physical trauma often a result of animal fights or
accidents i.e. bleeding, paralysis.
Metabolic disturbances caused by genetic
factors, nutritional problems, and toxic
substances or other less obvious factors are
anorexia, listlessness, loss of weight.
Additional Reading
Fox, J.G., B.J. Cohen, and F.M. Loew (eds.)
Laboratory Animal Medicine. Academic Press,
Inc., New York, NY. 1984.
Harkness, J.E. and J.E. Wagner. The Biology and
Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents, 4th ed. Lea
and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. 1995.
Hrapkiewicz, Karen, Leticia Medina, and Donald D.
Holmes. Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine: An
Introduction, 2nd Ed. Iowa State University Press,
Ames, IA. 1997.