Developmental and Childhood Disorders
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Transcript Developmental and Childhood Disorders
Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder
Features
Classification
Predominantly
Inattentive
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive
Combined
ADHD
Gender Differences
Boys
outnumber girls 4 to 1
Cultural Factors
Probability
of diagnosis is greatest in the
United States
Toxins as Cause?
Allergens
and food additives NOT related
Maternal smoking increases risk
ADHD: Biological Factors
Genetic Factors
ADHD
seems to run in families
Three specific genes have been implicated
Neurobiological Factors
Smaller
brain volume
Inactivity of the frontal cortex and basal ganglia
Abnormal frontal lobe development and functioning
Biological Treatment of ADHD
Stimulant Medications
Ritalin,
Dexedrine, Adderall, others
Paradoxical Effect
Reduce the core symptoms of ADHD in 70%
of cases
Improve compliance and decrease negative
behaviors
Do not affect learning and academic
performance
Relapse following discontinuation
Behavioral Treatment of ADHD
Behavioral Treatment
Increase
appropriate behaviors and decrease
inappropriate behaviors
May also involve parent training
Combined Biopsychosocial Treatments
Highly
recommended
Generally superior to either tx alone
Other Disruptive Behavior
Disorders
Conduct Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Learning Disorders
Academic Performance Lower than IQ
Predicts
Reading
Disorder
Arithmetic Disorder
Disorder of Written Expression
Disorder vs. Disability?
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autistic Disorder
Social
and Communication Impairment
Restricted Behavior
Asperger’s Disorder
Similar
to Austism without Communication
Impairment
Additional Pervasive
Developmental Disorders
Rett’s Disorder
Initial
Normal Development
Increasing Mental Retardation
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
Regression
to 4 years
in language and motor skills at 2
Treatment of Autism Spectrum
Disorders
Biological and medical treatments are
unavailable
Behavioral treatments
Skill
building
Reduction of problem behaviors
Target communication and language problems
Address socialization deficits
Early intervention is critical
Integrated treatments: The preferred model
Focus
on children, their families, schools, and home
Mental Retardation
Mild
IQ
IQ
from 50-55 to 70
~85%
Moderate
IQ
from 35-40 to 50-55
~10%
Severe
from 20-25 to 35-40
~3-4%
Profound
IQ
below 20-25
~1-2%
Other Classification Systems
American Association of Mental Retardation
Levels
of assistance required
Intermittent, limited, extensive, pervasive
Classification of MR in educational systems
Educable
(IQ of 50 to 70-75)
Trainable (IQ of 30 to 50)
Severe (IQ below 30)
Mental Retardation
Biological Factors
Chromosomal
Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome
Neurological
Injury
Prenatal – exposure to disease or a drug/toxin
Perinatal – difficulties during labor
Postnatal – head injury
Cultural-Familial
Environmental
Deprivation, Abuse
Considered to be about 75% of cases
Treatment of Mental Retardation
Parallels treatment of pervasive developmental
disorders
Teach needed skills
To
foster productivity and independence
Educational and behavioral management
Living and self-care skills via task analysis
Communication training
Community and supportive interventions
Communication Disorders
Expressive Language Disorder
Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language
Disorder
Phonological Disorder
Stuttering
Other Childhood Disorders
Tic Disorders
Tourette’s
Syndrome
Elimination Disorders
Separation Anxiety
Selective Mutism
Others