Transcript Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana

HALLUCINOGENS
INFORMATION AND ISSUES
HALLUCINOGENS: FACTS AND FICTION
Myth
 Hallucinogens all contain the same basic ingredients.
Fact
 A rather __________________ group, these compounds have
different chemical structures, different mechanisms of
action, and different adverse effects.
Myth
 All hallucinogens are natural substances found in nature.
Fact
 Some are naturally occurring substances, but many are
synthetically formed substances.
HALLUCINOGENS: FACTS AND FICTION
Myth
 Hallucinogens are safe and cause little or no long term
damage.
Fact
 There are many risks associated with hallucinogen use
including mood disorders, psychosis, and addiction.
Myth
 Hallucinogens are difficult to find and are not popular
amongst youth.
Fact

___________________________________________________________
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HISTORY OF HALLUCINOGEN USE
Hallucinogens share a rich history. Many cultures
have used hallucinogens for religious or mystical
experiences.
The Hindu holy book, _____________________soma, a
sacred substance used to induce higher levels of
consciousness.
The Aztecs in pre-Columbian Mexico described the
ceremonial use of teotlaqualli, a paste made from
the hallucinogenic flower, ololiuqui.
 The ________________ Indians have a long history of
using peyote, a mescaline-containing hallucinogen,
in religious ceremonies.
HISTORY OF HALLUCINOGEN USE
 The synthetic hallucinogen, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) 25,
was serendipitously discovered in 1938 by Sandoz laboratories
while searching for a new ergot-derived analeptic agent.
 Phencyclidine also known as PCP was first made in the 1926 by
Parke, Davis, and Company. But it wasn't until the 1950's that it
was used as an anesthetic for humans called Sernyl. It was
eventually used as a tranquilizer for animals by veterinary institutes.
 DMT was first synthesized in 1931, and demonstrated to be
hallucinogenic in 1956. It has been shown to be present in many
plant genera and is a major component of several hallucinogenic
snuffs.
 MDMA was patented in 1913 by the German chemical company
Merck supposedly to be sold as a diet pill , the company decided
against marketing the drug and had nothing more to do with it.
WHAT ARE HALLUCINOGENS?
 Hallucinogens
◦ Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that cause an
alteration in perception, thought, or mood.
◦ Despite their name, most hallucinogens do not
consistently cause hallucinations, which are defined as
false sensations that have no basis in reality.
◦ Often, they are more likely to cause changes in mood or
in thought than actual hallucinations.
◦ Hallucinogens can be broken down in several major
groups
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Lysergamides
_______________________
Piperidines
Indolealkylamines
Cannabinols
LYSERGAMIDES
 The lysergamides include LSD and lysergic acid
hydroxyethylamide, which is a naturally occurring
psychedelic found in _________________________.
LSD
 LSD was initially derived from the ergot alkaloids
produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea as shown
below , a contaminant of wheat and rye flour, by Albert
Hoffman circa 1938.
 A tasteless, colorless, odorless liquid, LSD is usually sold as liquidimpregnated blotter paper, gelatin squares (window panes),
or tiny tablets (microdots).
 LSD acts on ______________________receptors in the brain.
 The onset of psychological effects occurs approximately 30-60
minutes after ingestion of LSD, and they last for approximately
12 hours. Effect peaks at approximately 5 hours
LSD -EFFECTS
• The psychological effects vary both with the individual taking
the drug and the physical environment surrounding the user.
• Changes in mood and perception are uniform. Boundaries
between users and their environment are blurred, time
becomes distorted, stationary objects may seem to flow or
pulsate, and color perception is heightened.
• Delusions like hearing color or seeing sounds, are commonly
reported.
• A feeling of clarity of consciousness may be reported by the
user, during which the importance of reality is diminished.
• Hallucinations may occur, although users are usually aware
that they are hallucinating.
• Occasionally, a threatening or stressful environment may
provoke feelings of severe anxiety and paranoia. This acute
panic reaction is often referred to as a "bad trip" and is the
most common reason for users to seek medical attention.
ADVERSE EFFECTS
• A transient depression may occur after LSD use.
• ________________after LSD use has been reported,
and an underlying or undiagnosed schizophrenia
may worsen.
• An unusual aspect of LSD use is the occurrence of
"flashbacks," or hallucinogen persisting perception
disorder (HPPD), months to years after LSD use.
These are observed most commonly in persons who
have used LSD more than 10 times.
• During a psychotic episode, danger of suicide and
homicide exists.
ADVERSE EFFECTS
• In addition to the psychological effects, LSD also
produces sympathomimetic effects.
• Increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and,
occasionally, temperature may occur.
• Rarely, LSD can produce life-threatening symptoms.
Hyperthermia, hypertension, coma, respiratory
arrest, and bleeding have been reported.
• However, users remain more at risk
________________________________ than they do from
the toxic effects of the LSD.
• Video Part 1 Part 2
Part 3
Part 4 Part 5
_____________________
 __________________derivatives include mescaline
and several hallucinogenic amphetamines. These
include drugs like peyote and ecstasy.
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PEYOTE
 _______________ is the psychogenic amphetamine found
in the peyote cactus, Lophophora williamsii.
 Native Americans have used peyote for more than 8000
years. Use continues today; members of the Native
American Church are still permitted to use the drug in
religious ceremonies
 Mescaline is thought to induce hallucinations by an
amphetamine-like action, although the precise
mechanism is unknown.
 After ingestion of 6-12 peyote buttons (the dried bitter
fleshy tops of the cactus), the user first begins to feel
effects in 30 minutes to 2 hours. Nausea, vomiting,
diaphoresis, and ataxia precede the hallucinogenic
effects, which may last _________________.
ECSTASY
The hallucinogenic amphetamines are structural
analogs of mescaline and amphetamine. Most were
derived from their parent compounds in an effort to
avoid US Drug Enforcement Agency prosecution
(so-called designer drugs). They all have similar
psychogenic effects and toxicity. They include
MDMA, MDA, MDEA, and MMDA.
MDMA, also known as ecstasy, is perhaps the most
well known of these compounds. First synthesized in
1914, MDMA is presently the drug of choice at
"raves," ie, all-night dance parties popular in the
United States and the United Kingdom.
EFFECTS
MDMA appears to affect serotonin neurotransmission at
presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. Although it usually
does not cause hallucinations, it causes changes in
mood and the perception of music, reputedly increases
interpersonal communication, and fosters feelings of
intimacy and empathy.
Animal and primate studies show significant degradation
of serotonergic neurons following MDMA use. This
degradation is cumulative and dose-related. This has led
some experts to warn of the possibility of permanent
___________________in individuals who use the drug
regularly
EFFECTS
• Many of their toxicities are identical to those of
____________________________.
• Hypertension and tachycardia are quite common.
Hyperthermia is a common and occasionally serious
complication.
• The combination of strenuous physical activity, dehydration,
and high ambient temperatures found at raves all
contribute to severe ___________________
• This also may be accompanied by renal failure.
EFFECTS
• Many deaths have been reported with MDMA use.
• Media coverage of these deaths has resulted in the belief that
water is the antidote to MDMA. Unfortunately, the
consumption of large amounts of water, combined with an
intrinsic SIADH-like (syndrome of inappropriate secretion of
antidiuretic hormone) effect of the drug itself, often leads to
hyponatremia and, occasionally, seizures.
• Frequent users rapidly develop tolerance to the drug, requiring
higher doses for the same effect.
• Less is known about Mescaline and its negative
effects.
PIPERIDINES
 Piperidine derivatives include PCP and ketamine.
PCP
 PCP was developed in ________________as a
dissociative anesthetic/analgesic agent initially
marketed under the brand name Sernylan.
 It was soon withdrawn from use because of severe
adverse psychological reactions following its use;
severe dysphoria, agitation, and psychotic
behavior were all noted routinely.
 It was used in veterinary medicine in the 1960s and
soon became a popular drug of abuse, first
observed in San Francisco.
 During a psychotic episode, danger of
__________________________ exists.
EFFECTS OF PCP
• The onset of effects occurs in 2-5 minutes after
ingestion or smoking of PCP (often it is sprinkled on
marijuana cigarettes).
• Peak effect occurs by 15 minutes. The duration of
action is as long as 16 hours (some users report
effects persisting as long as 24-48 h).
• PCP antagonizes the action of glutamate at the Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptor, blocking the influx of
calcium and inhibiting neurotransmitter release.
• Depending on the dose, PCP may cause either
CNS excitation or depression. Cardio vascular
effects are prominent.
EFFECTS OF PCP
• The clinical manifestations of PCP use are extremely variable and
unpredictable.
• The patient may appear calm or wild, disoriented, violent,
stuporous, or comatose, depending on the ingested dose.
Patients often have a _____________.
• Temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure are elevated. Bizarre
and psychotic behaviors are often noted.
• PCP is associated with a much higher
_______________________than other classes of hallucinogens. The
combination of sympathetic effects, severe agitation, and
muscle rigidity place these patients at high risk for the
complications of severe hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and
subsequent myoglobinuric renal failure.
• Their violent and bizarre behavior places them at high risk for
trauma. The dissociative nature of PCP allows users to do
tremendous harm to their bodies with little or no perceived pain.
• Video 1 Video 2
INDOLEALHYLAMINES
• The indolealkylamine group includes the 2
mushroom-derived hallucinogens (ie, psilocybin,
psilocin), DMT, and bufotenine.
PSILOCYBIN
• Psilocybin is found in the following 3 major genera of
mushrooms: Psilocybin, Conocybe,and Panaeolus.
• Often growing on cow dung, they are found in most
areas of the United States, with the exception of arid
regions.
• The effects of psilocybin last approximately 4-6 hours.
Hallucinations are common. The mushrooms cause
________________________________, although cases of
hyperthermia, seizures, and coma have been reported.
• Misidentification of the mushrooms in the wild and on the
street is common; only one third of "magic mushrooms"
bought on the street contain psilocybin. Many are simply
store-bought mushrooms laced with PCP.
DMT
• DMT is a potent psychedelic with a brief duration of
action _________________
• This has earned it the nickname "businessman's trip."
• It is found naturally in the bark of trees of the
genus Virola, which grows in the Amazon basin.
• DMT is only active when smoked or snorted. It
causes more visual hallucinations and more
sympathetic effects than LSD.
• Several species of _______ produce venom that has
psychoactive properties. Members of the
genus Bufo, particularly Bufo marinus (see the
image below) and Bufo alvarius, contain bufotenine
and 5-MeO-DMT.
• The compound 5-MeO-DMT is firmly established as a
hallucinogen, whereas the role of bufotenine has
not yet been established.
• The toads are either licked or milked for their
venom, which may then be ingested or smoked.
Their dried skin also may be smoked.
OTHER HALLUCINOGENS
• Cannabinols-THC(Marijuana)
• ________ Divinorum
• Video
• ____________________
PREVALENCE RATES
• In 2007, 6.1 million persons aged 12 or older
reported that they had used PCP in their lifetime
(2.5 percent)
• In 2007, more than 22.7 million persons aged 12 or
older reported they had used LSD in their lifetime
(9.1 percent)