Transcript File hallucinogens powerpoint (webpage)x

Mr. Prall
DEFINITION
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Hallucinogen – A drug that causes
hallucinations, or profound distortions in the
person’s perceptions of reality.
Under the influence of hallucinogens, people see
images, hear sounds, and feel sensations that
seem real but do not exist.
TRIP
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Trip - An instance or period of being under the
influence of a hallucinogenic drug.
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Ex – He tripped out on LSD.
No one can predict when a hallucinogen user will
have a bad trip. Dosage, the specific drug, and
the setting in which it’s taken all affect the user’s
experience. The bottom line is this…

Hallucinogens are unpredictable! This makes them
extremely dangerous!
TRIP CONT.
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There is no effective treatment for a bad trip.
Only hacing the drug wear off will make
imagined demons go away. Books and articles
recommend trying to calm distressed users in a
quiet, uncrowded spot. But, friends who are high
themselves can’t be counted on for help.
FLASHBACK
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Flashback – An unexpected relieved experience
from a hallucination.
A flashback occurs suddenly, often without
warning, and may occur within a few days or
more than a year after hallucinogen use.
Both frequent users and one-time experimenters
can find themselves on another trip when they
least expect it.

While driving a car, swimming, playing sports.
FLASHBACK CONT.
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One young woman’s flashback was so intense she
jumped out the window in a high-rise apartment
building. The flashback came 6 months after her
only use ever with LSD.
INTRODUCTION
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Human beings have used hallucinogens for centuries,
primarily in ancient cultural and religious
ceremonies. As a part of their religion, for example,
certain American Indian tribes used the hallucinogen
peyote to experience "spiritual visions.”
Hallucinogen abuse soared in the 1960’s and 70’s, but
mainly due to the “Hippie” movement. During the
1980’s abuse rates dropped. However, during the
1990’s and in present day abuse rates are on the rise.
As of 2008, nearly 9% of all 12th grade students have
reported using hallucinogens at least once in their
lifetime.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
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Hallucinogens are among the oldest known drugs
that have been used for their ability to alter
human perception and mood. For centuries,
many of the naturally occurring hallucinogens
found in plants and fungi have been used for
medical, social and religious practices.
In recent years, a number
of synthetic hallucinogens have been produced,
some of which are much stronger than their
naturally occurring counterparts.
CATEGORIES
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Although hallucinogen drugs are grouped as
“hallucinogens”, we will break them into two
different categories:
Animals/plants
 Laboratories
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ANIMALS/PLANTS
Mescaline
 Psilocybin mushrooms
 Jimsonweed
 Ayahuasca
 Bufotenine
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These hallucinogens can be found in either
plants…or animals!
MESCALINE
Mescaline – A hallucinogen obtained from a
small spineless cactus Peyote.
 From earliest recorded time, peyote has been
used by natives in northwestern Mexico and the
southwestern United States as a part of
traditional religious rites.
 The drug is usually taken orally, without
chewing, although it can still be smoked, or even
injected.
 It’s chemical structure is close to that of an
amphetamine (stimulant).

MESCALINE CONT.
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Street names:
Buttons
 Peyote
 Mesc
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Mescaline acts on the Central Nervous System
(CNS).
How long does a trip on mescaline last for?

12 hours!
MESCALINE PHYSICAL SIDE EFFECTS
Dilated pupils
 Increased Heart Rate
 Increased Blood Pressure
 Anxiety
 Feeling of dying
 Fear of not being able to return to normal
consciousness.
 Lethal doses produce convulsions, breath-arrests
and heart failures. Death is due to respiratory
failure
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MESCALINE PSYCHOLOGICAL
EFFECTS
Vomiting usually occurs after ingestion. A user
then sees sensory images and flashes of color,
followed by geometric patterns and sometimes
images of people and animals.
 Time and space perception are distorted.
 People get the feeling of being “outside” their
bodies.
 One user’s account - "In a matter of instants, a
tunnel formed around me, very low and narrow,
hard and strangely cold. It felt to the touch like a
wall of solid tinfoil. I remember having to crawl
towards a sort of round point where the tunnel
ended; when I finally arrived, if I did, I had
forgotten all."
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PSILOCYBIN MUSHROOMS
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There are many types of psilocybin mushrooms,
so we will keep it general.
Can also be called psilocin.
Psilocybin mushrooms – A hallucinogenic
compound obtained from certain mushrooms.
Use of these mushrooms is ancient. Statues of
mushrooms dating from A.D. 100-1400 appear
throughout Mexico and Central America.
Probably the second most frequently used
hallucinogen in the United States.
PSILOCYBIN MUSHROOMS
CONT.
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How are they taken?
Eaten raw
 Cooked in food
 Brewed in tea
 Dried and ingested
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Street names:
Magic mushrooms
 “Shrooms”
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How long does a trip last?
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5-6 hours
PSILOCYBIN MUSHROOMS
PHYSICAL SIDE EFFECTS
Nausea
 Dilated pupils
 Tightness in the neck

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PSILOCYBIN
MUSHROOMS
Induce sensory hallucinations
 Hear things that are not real
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Is it addictive?

It is not considered an addictive drug like cocaine,
heroin or alcohol because it does not produce the
same compulsive drug-seeking behavior. However,
like addictive drugs, it produces greater tolerance in
some users who take the drug repeatedly. These
users must take higher doses to achieve the same
results as they have had in the past. This could be an
extremely dangerous practice because of the
unpredictability of the drug effect on an individual.
JIMSONWEED
Jimsonweed - A common name for a plant known
botanically as Datura stramonium, which has
been used as a medicine and intoxicant for
centuries.
 It’s name comes from colonial Jamestown, where
settlers became very ill after mistakenly eating it
in a salad.
 It is found in most of the continental United
States from New England down to Texas.
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JIMSONWEED CONT.
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Jamestown story - As told by Robert Beverly in The
History and Present State of Virginia (1705): The
soldiers presented "a very pleasant comedy, for they
turned natural fools upon it for several days: one would
blow up a feather in the air; another would dart straws
at it with much fury; and another, stark naked, was
sitting up in a corner like a monkey, grinning and
making mows at them; a fourth would fondly kiss and
paw his companions, and sneer in their faces with a
countenance more antic than any in a Dutch droll.
"In this frantic condition they were confined, lest they
should, in their folly, destroy themselves - though it was
observed that all their actions were full of innocence and
good nature. Indeed they were not very cleanly; for they
would have wallowed in their own excrements, if they
had not been prevented. A thousand such simple tricks
they played, and after 11 days returned themselves
again, not remembering anything that had
passed."
JIMSONWEED CONT.
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Street names:
Thornapple
 Stinkweed
 Locoweed
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Was originally called Jamestown weed.
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How long does a trip last for?
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Depending on the dosage, on average 24-48 hours!
PHYSICAL SIDE EFFECTS OF
JIMSONWEED
Dry mouth
 Increased heart rate
 Elevated body temperature
 Increased breathing
 Dilated pupils
 Blurred vision

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
JIMSONWEED
Amnesia
 Confusion
 Delerium (Sudden severe confusion)
 Bizarre dream state
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AYAHUASCA
Ayahuasca – A plant-based hallucinogen that
users ingest as a drink containing a combination
of plant products.
 For centuries the Amazonian Indians have been
drinking it.
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The Indians believe it cleanses body and mind and
enables communication with spirits.
Common Names:
Caapi
 Yage
 Vegetal
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AYAHUASCA EFFECTS
Nightmarish visions that last for hours.
 There are many accounts of people experiencing
near-death experiences.
 Most hallucinations are visual, although there
are some accounts of sensory hallucinations.
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BUFOTENINE
Bufotenine - A poisonous hallucinogenic alkaloid
obtained from the skin glands of toads of the
genus Bufo or from some mushrooms.
 Found in the skin of psychoactive toads.
 Orally taken by licking the toads skin.
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Now there are ways to extract the poison from the
toad by milking it under the chin. It can then be
created in a substance to be smoked.
BUFOTENINE EFFECTS
Powerful constrictor of blood vessels
 Increases blood pressure
 Blocks serotonin
 Cramped muscles
 Blurred vision
 Temporary paralysis
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LABORATORIES
LSD
 PCP
 DMT
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These drugs are synthetically produced.
LSD
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LSD – A crystalline compound derived from lysergic
acid and used as a powerful hallucinogenic drug.
LSD is an acronym for lysergic acid diethylamide.
LSD was discovered in 1938 by Dr. Albert Hoffman. It
is manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in
ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains.
LSD is also known as “acid”.
Best known and most commonly used hallucinogen in
the United States
LSD CONT.
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LSD is odorless, colorless, and has a slightly
bitter taste.
Usually taken orally, although it can be placed on
blotter paper, and then divided up for multiple
uses. Also sold in gelatin squares and pills.
Less than .001 gram of LSD produces extreme
hallucinations!
LSD takes effect within 30 minutes, and it can
last up to 12 hours.
LSD EFFECTS CONT.
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The physical effects include dilated pupils, higher
body temperature, increased heart rate and blood
pressure, sweating, loss of appetite,
sleeplessness, dry mouth, and tremors.
The psychological effects of LSD; users
experience severe, terrifying thoughts and
feelings, fear of losing control, fear of insanity
and death, and despair while using LSD. Some
fatal accidents have occurred during states of
LSD intoxication.
LSD EFFECTS IN TIME
0-30 minutes: Dizziness, nausea, weakness,
twitches, and anxiety.
 30-60 minutes: Blurred vision, increased
contrasts, visual patterns, feelings of unreality,
lack of coordination, tremulous speech.
 1-4 hours: Increased visual effects, wavelike
motions, impaired distance perception, euphoria,
slow passage of time.
 4-7 hours: Waning off the above effects
 7-12 hours: Become returning to normal
 Late Effects: Headache, fatigue, contemplative
state.
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PCP
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PCP is short for Phencyclidine.
PCP - A drug used in veterinary medicine as an
anesthetic and illegally as a hallucinogen.
PCP was developed in the 1950s as an
intravenous anesthetic but, due to the side effects
of confusion and delirium, its development for
human medical use was discontinued.
PCP CONT.
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Street names:
Angel dust
 Hog
 Lovely
 Wack
 Embalming fluid
 Rocket Fuel
 Ozone
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PCP is produced in liquid, powder, and tablet
form. There are numerous methods of taking it.
It is smoked (in a powdered form), snorted,
injected, or swallowed.
PCP EFFECTS
A moderate amount of PCP often causes users to
feel detached, distant, and estranged from their
surroundings. Auditory hallucinations, image
distortion, severe mood disorders, and amnesia
may also occur.
 High doses can cause seizures, coma, and even
death. Illusions occur, and unlike LSD, the
likely- hood of having visual hallucinations is
very low.
 Like LSD it is highly unpredictable. Some users
feel out of touch with their bodies and
surroundings. Others get so revved up they
become violent.
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PCP HEALTH HAZARDS
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PCP is addictive and its use often leads to
psychological dependence, craving, and
compulsive PCP-seeking behavior. Users of PCP
report memory loss, difficulties with speech and
learning, depression, and weight loss. These
symptoms can persist up to a year after cessation
of PCP use. PCP has sedative effects, and
interactions with other central nervous system
depressants, such as alcohol and
benzodiazepines, can lead to coma or accidental
overdose. Use of PCP among adolescents may
interfere with hormones related to normal
growth and development.
DMT
DMT – A natural, or synthetic, hallucinogenic
drug, similar to LSD in its effects, which are,
however, more rapid in onset and shorter in
duration.
 DMT is by far the most powerful psychedelic
known to man.
 It can be naturally found, or synthesized.
 DMT was first synthesized in 1931 by Canadian
chemist Richard Manske.
 DMT can be found in psychoactive toads, but in
very low dosages.

DMT CONT.
It can also be found in the beans of the tree
Anadenanthera peregrina, which grows in
Northern and Central South America. It has been
used by South American tribes as hallucinogenic
snuff called yopo or cohoba.
 Ancient cultures brewed teas from plants
containing DMT for use in religious ceremonies.
 The effects of the drug are felt almost instantly,
and effects usually wear off after an hour.
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Because of how quickly the effects wear of it has been
nicknamed “businessman's special”.
DMT EFFECTS OVER TIME
0-15 seconds - your lungs start to burn, feels like
you want to cough.
 15-45 seconds - You will hear a very loud
whooshing sound in your ears and it will continue
to get louder and louder, and you eventual feel
your self almost blow up and enter this new
universe.
 45 seconds-1 min - You will break through into
another universe, known to many DMT users and
DMT hyperspace. Your heart will begin to beat
faster and your pulse will significantly rise.

DMT EFFECTS OVER TIME
CONT.
1 min- 5min - You are no longer in your body and
you are floating in this hyperspace universe.
Many things can be seen in this universe. Many
people reports a kind of 4th dimension looking
place with everything in 3d plus a sort of time
shifting that happens every few seconds. You
may see different beings or entities that look like
a sort of religious figure or god.
 5 - 10min - The visions eventually fade in and
out. There are still many patterns and textures
when your eyes are closed but when your eyes
are open you will see the basic vision of the real
world.
 10- 45 min - You have a slight feeling of euphoria
that will last for about 30 minutes after you
experience the visual trip.
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