Transcript Street Names

Hallucinogens
By
Kasey Andrews
Kelly McDowell
1
Statistics
1965-1971: Hallucinogen use rose tenfold
from 90,000 to 900,000 new users.
 1990-2000: Use again rose, nearly 3 fold
from 600,000 to 1.5 million new users.
 2001-2002: LSD use decreased
dramatically while MDMA and others rose.

2
Definitions
“Substances that create gross distortions in
perception without causing loss of consciousness
when administered in low doses.”
“Substances that alter sensory processing in the
brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes
in thought processing, and depersonalization.”
3
Hallucinogens also called…

Psychedelics: substances that expand or heighten

perception and consciousness.
Psychotomimetic: substances that mimic psychosis.

Psychotogenic: substances that produce psychosis.
4
Hallucinogens …
Are found naturally in plants and can be
produced synthetically.
 Are used by Native American tribes for use
during religious ceremonies.
 Resemble 1 of 4 neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine
 Catecholamines (Norepinephrine & Dopamine)
 Serotonin

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Common Hallucinogenic Effects
1)
2)
3)
Alterations in time and
space perception
Changes in selfawareness
Increase sensitivity to
textures, shapes, tastes,
and sounds
4)
5)
6)
Visual disturbances
(i.e. flashes of light
or kaleidoscope-like
patterns)
Hallucinations
Feelings of
enlightenment or
spiritual awakening
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4 Categories of
Hallucinogens
1)
2)
3)
4)
Anticholinergic
Catecholamine-like
Serotonin-like
Psychedelic Anesthetics
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Anticholinergic
Hallucinogens
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
Attach to Acetylcholine receptors and block the
site so Acetylcholine cannot attach.




Impairs learning and memory as result
Found in Belladonna, Nightshade, Jimsonweed,
and Mandrake plants.
Effects: Dry mouth, decreased sweating, dry
skin, increased body temperature, blurred vision,
increased heart rate, dilated pupils, drowsiness,
decreased attention.
@ High Doses = Hallucinations, paralysis of
respiratory system, coma, and death.
Examples: Scopolamine, Mandrake, Hyoscine,
Hyoscyamine, and Atropine.
9
o
Scopolamine

datura

o
used as poison and
aphrodisiac in Renaissance
Times.
Contained in Datura plant.
Mixed with drinks to create
a stupor in wives of chiefs
or warriors before they
were buried alive.
Mandrake

used to treat anxiety and
acute pain.
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Catecholamine-Like
Hallucinogens
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

Also called Phenethylamine Psychedelics
Structurally similar to Catecholamines
(Norepinephrine & Dopamine) and
Amphetamines.
 Explains
why these drugs have stimulant and
hallucinogenic effects.

Are mixed Dopamine and Serotonin
agonists.
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EXAMPLES:
Mescaline
Myristin
Elemicin
Synthetic Amphetamine Derivatives
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Myristin & Elemicin






Myristin: found in nutmeg
Elemicin: found in mace
Has similar structure as Mescaline
Blocks release of serotonin in brain
neurons.
5-15 g. (approximately 2 tablespoons) in
tea will produce confusion, disorientation,
depersonalization, and feelings of
unreality.
Side Effects: vomiting, nausea, agitation,
dry mouth, rapid heart beat, and tremors.

Negative effects can last up to 12 hours.
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Synthetic Amphetamine Derivatives
DOM (dimethoxymethylamphetamine)
 MDA (Methylenedioxyamphetamine)
 TMA (trimethoxyamphetamine)
 DMA (dimethoxymethylamphetamine)
 MDE (methylenedioxyethylamphetamine)
 MDMA (methylenedioymethamphetamine)
 PMA (paramethoxyamphetamine)

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
Cause increase of serotonin in synaptic
cleft, & block the reuptake of it from cleft.
= same for Dopamine

Increased Serotonin effects sensory
information reception, and causes changes in
sleep patterns and emotions.
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DOM
1-6 mg doses produce euphoria and
hallucinations for 6-8 hours in duration.
 Hallucinogenic effects overpower the
amphetamine effects. (is stimulant at low
doses and hallucinogen at high doses)
 At Toxic doses can produce tremors,
convulsions, and death.

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MDA








Metabolite of MDMA
Synthesized in 1910
Schedule I Drug in 1970
Used to decrease appetite.
Called “Love Drug” because it heightens tactile
sensations.
Causes increased release of Serotonin, Dopamine,
and Norepinephrine.
Effect: dilation of pupils, tightening of jaw, grinding of
teeth, and physical exhaustion that can last for 2
days.
High Doses: (100-150 mg) convulsions and death.
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MDMA





Street Names: Adam,
Ecstasy, X, E, XTC, Blue
Kisses, E bombs, Happy
Pill, Hug Drug, Smurfs,
Wafers, & others
More psychedelic than
MDA
Synthesized in 1912
Schedule 1 Drug in 1985
Effects similar to MDA
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MDMA Combos








Candy Flipping = LSD + MDMA
Diamonds = Amphetamines + MDMA
Disco Biscuits = Depressants + MDMA
Flower Flipping = Mushrooms + MDMA
H-Bomb = Heroin + MDMA
Gum = Opium + MDMA
Kitty Flipping = Ketamine + MDMA
Sextasy = Viagra + MDMA
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
Pharmacokinetics:





orally, injected, or snorted.
Effects last 3-6 hours
Dose is 1-2 tablets (60-120 mg each)
Readily absorbed in GI tract
Pharmacodynamics:

Increases levels of Norepinephrine, dopamine,
& serotonin released.
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MDMA Effects
Hallucinogenic Effects: distortions in time
& perception.
 Stimulant Effects: Euphoria &
hyperactivity, increase blood pressure &
heart rate

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MDMA…The Negative Effects



Psychological: depression, severe anxiety, paranoia, and
sleep disturbances.
Physical: muscle tension, teeth clenching, nausea,
blurred vision, rapid eye movements, chills, & faintness.
High doses: sharp increase in body temperature, muscle
breakdown, and kidney & cardiovascular system failure.


These effect also happen at low doses in combination with intense
exercise or acitivity.
Long-Term: liver damage & brain damage.

Brain damage due to destruction of serotonin producing neurons =
therefore problems regulating mood, pain, sleep, and aggression
can result.
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MDMA effect on Serotonin producing neurons
2 wks: 83-95% reduction in serotonin axon density.
7 yrs: some recovery occurs, but significant loss of
serotonin neurons has occurred.
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PMA







Effects similar to that of MDMA, but more toxic.
Is extremely potent and lethal.
Schedule 1 Drug in 1973
Sold in tablet, capsule, or powder form.
Administered orally, inhaled, or injected.
>50 mg = LETHAL, causing cardiac arrhythmia,
renal failure, vomiting, hyperthermia,
convulsions, and death.
Street Names: Death, Mitsubishi Double-Stack.
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PMA Cont.

1973: produced in Canada in clandestine
labs.


11 deaths attributed to its use in this year
alone.
2000: 7 deaths due to PMA use.

Victims believed they were taking ecstasy, so
they accidentally overdosed.
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Serotonin-like
Hallucinogens
27
o
o
Also called
Indoleamine
Psychedelics
Act as agonist of
Serotonin Receptors
•
specifically 5-HT2 Serotonin
Receptors
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Examples:
LSD
Psilocybin
Psilocin
DMT
Bufotenine
Ololiuqui
Harmine
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LSD
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
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Street Names
Acid, Battery Acid, Pane, Brown Bombers,
Coffee, Crystal Tea, Dots, Golden Dragon, Haze,
Looney Toons, Microdot, Lucy, Paper Acid, Pearly
Gates, Pink Panther, Rainbow, Superman, White
Lightening, Window Glass, Yin Yang, Zen, Yellow
Sunshine, Sugar Cubes, & others.
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




Derived from ergot alkaloids of the rye fungus.
Colorless, odorless, bitter taste.
Most potent mood & perception altering drug known to
man. (can cause effects at 25 μg = in weight to a few
grains of salt).
Can be synthesized in 1 week
Was used to treat alcoholism, paranoia, schizophrenia,
and autism.
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History


1938: Albert Hofmann synthesizes LSD-25
1943: Hofmann discovers hallucinogenic effects 1st hand
when he accidentally ingests it.
Later he ingests 0.25 mg of it thinking it is a minimal dose, when
in actuality it is 10 times the dose needed to produce an effect.
“My visual field wavered and everything appeared deformed as in a
faulty mirror. Space and time became more and more
disorganized and I was overcome by fear that I was going out of
my mind… It was particularly striking how acoustic perceptions,
such as the noise of water gushing from a tap or the spoken
word, were transformed into optical illusions.”

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History Cont.




1950-1963: LSD used experimentally in mental facilities
as treatment for mental disorders.
1950’s: CIA & Army conduct secret experiments on
human subjects using LSD.
1953: Frank Olsen, a biochemist, kills himself after
unknowingly consuming a drink containing LSD.
1966: Timothy Leary, an former professor at Harvard,
forms a religion called “League of Spiritual Discovery” in
an attempt to use LSD and other hallucinogens legally.
34
History Cont.
1976: truth about the CIA & Army
experiments are uncovered, revealing that
nearly 585 soldiers and 900 civilians were
given LSD without their knowledge for
research purposes.
 March 31, 2003: DEA busts the biggest
LSD lab in history, seizing 41.3 kg or 91
lbs. of LSD.

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LSD in Popular Culture



Timothy Leary was a
psychologist in the 1960’s
advocating LSD use to enhance
awareness. He began running
experiments with subjects under
the influence of LSD. Jerry
Garcia was among them.
He also coined the phrase:
“Tune in, Turn on, Drop out.”
After being removed from his
position at Harvard, Leary
founded two institutions for
further LSD study.
36
LSD in popular culture cont.

Lewis Carroll's Through
the Looking Glass

written about an LSD
experience.
Popular musicians of
the 1960’s greatly
influenced by LSD. ExBeatles, Grateful Dead
etc.
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Pharmacokinetics



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

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


Administered orally, smoked, snorted, or injected.
Doses 25-300 μg. (lethal dose = 14,000 μg)
Microdots: tablet form, Window panes: LSD in gelatin, Blotter acid:
liquid added to paper, Sugar cubes: LSD in sugar cubes.
Absorbed within 1 hour.
Effects last 6-12 hours.
Diffuses across all barriers in body
Metabolized in liver and excreted in urine
No physical/physiological dependence
Few if any withdrawal symptoms
Tolerance and cross-tolerance to other hallucinogens does occur. (is
lost within days after cessation of use).
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Pharmacodynamics




Binds to 5-HT2 serotonin receptors
Effects due to disruption of raphe nuclei
(pons/medulla), which filters incoming sensory
stimuli, creating surge of sensory information
and overload of brain circuits.
Effects cerebral cortex (involved in mood,
cognition, and perception) & locus ceruleus
(receives sensory info)
LSD in high concentrations in iris of eye.
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Effects




Dilation of pupils, dizziness, dreamy detached feelings,
changes in time perception, color/smells/sounds
intensified, increase heart rate & blood pressure,
sweating, dry mouth, hallucinations.
At High doses causes nausea, tremors, & confusion.
Moods typically depends on mood prior to use, causing
those to become intensified.
However, moods can change quickly from euphoria to
terror and panic.
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2 Types of Emotional Responses to
LSD:


Ecstatic-Transcendental Reactions: users
become talkative, euphoric, ideas seem to
have great importance.
Panic & Psychotic-like Reactions: users
experience intense anxiety & fear, lose control
of thoughts & emotions, become paniced.
Known as a Bad Trip
 Can result in accidents or accidental suicides due to
individual attempting to flee panic and terror they
are experiencing.
41
Long-Term Effects
1.
2.
Psychosis = dramatic mood swings
HPPD (Hallucinogen Persisting Perception
Disorder) = also called Flashbacks.
Former users experience
spontaneous/repeated/continuous
sensory distortions (seeing false motions
or trails, etc.)
42
DMT
(Dimethyltryptamine)
•
Short-acting serotonin agonist (30 min)
= Called “businessman’s lunch break drug”
•
•
Produces LSD-like effects
snorted or smoked
•
•
•
•
Can’t be taken orally, because acid in stomach destroys drug
before absorption can occur.
Metabolized by MAO (monoamine oxidase)
Found in Leguminous trees & shrubs in West
Indies and South America
Dose 60-150 mg
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Bufotenine


Found in toad skins
Metabolized by MAO
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Psilocybin/Psilocin
(4-phosphoryl-DMT)/(4-hydroxy-DMT)
o
o
o
o
o
Found in psiloycbe mexicana mushroom
Peak effects within 2 hours, and last 6-10 hours.
Psilocybin broken down into psilocin (active
psychedelic agent).
Eaten dried or fresh
Hallucinogenic effects at doses > 4 mg
o
o
Dried mushroom contains 0.2-0.4% psilocybin
Street Names: mushrooms, magic mushrooms,
shrooms, Musk, Silly Putty, Simple Simon.
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Psilocybin/Psilocin History
o
o
1955: identified by
Gordon Wasson
1958: extracted by
Albert Hofmann
o
Ate 32 mushrooms to
discover effect.
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Ololiuqui




Found in morning glory
seeds
Used by tribes in Central
& South America
100+ seeds creates
hallucinations, distorted
visions, confusion.
Side Effects: nausea,
vomiting, headache, &
sleepiness.
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Harmine


Found in plants & shrubs in Middle East &
South America.
Side Effects: intoxication, hallucinations,
sleep, nausea, and vomiting.
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Psychedelic
Anesthetics
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PCP
(Phencyclidine)

Street Names: Angel
Dust, Black Dust, Blue
Madman, Busy Bee,
Cliffhanger, Crazy Coke,
Crystal T, Dipper, Devil’s
Dust, Embalming Fluid,
Peace Pill, Peter Pan,
Rocket Fuel, Tic Tac,
Wobble Weed, Yellow
Weed.
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History
Developed in 1956 as intravenous
anesthetic.
 1965: Use was discontinued due to
delirium and mania experienced after
coming off drug (effects lasted up to 18
hours).
 1967: 1st appeared on streets.

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Pharmacokinetics

Administered orally, smoked, snorted, or
injected.



Often applied to parsley, oregano, or marijuana.
Stimulates brain reward areas, thus
creating psychological dependence.
Withdrawal symptoms sometimes occur.
52
Dose Effects
•
•
•
Low to moderate Doses: (< 5 mg) increased
respiration, heart beat, and blood pressure;
profuse sweating, numbness of extremities,
muscular incoordination, hallucinations, feelings
of increased strength and invulnerability.
High Doses: (> 10 mg) decreased respiration,
heart rate, and blood pressure; nausea,
vomiting, blurred vision, flickering eyes.
Drooling, dizziness, seizures, coma, death.
Long-term: memory loss, speech difficulties,
depression, weight loss.
53
Pharmacodynamics
NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) or
Glutamate receptors.
 Blocks open channel on NMDA receptor
preventing glutamate from attaching and
creating its effect.

 Glutamate
plays role in pain perception, memory,
cognition, and emotion.
54
PCP Therapy
1)
2)
3)
4)
Minimize sensory input by placing them
in quiet environment.
Administer acitvated charcoal orally (it
binds to PCP in the stomach & intestines
preventing it from being reabsorbed).
Physically restrain user to protect them
and others.
Sedation with Benzodiazepine.
55
Ketamine
(Ketalar)




Street Names: Cat
Valium, Jet, Kit Kat,
Special K, Vitamin K
Developed in 1963 to
replace PCP as
anesthetic.
Injected, snorted, orally
ingested.
Odorless, tasteless so
often used as date rape
drug.
56
Ketamine Cont.


Blocks NMDA receptor
channel, or decreases
frequency of channel
opening by binding to
outside of receptor.
Effects similar to PCP,
with bad trip called
“K-hole”.
57
Other
Hallucinogens
58
Kinikinik






Also called Bearberry, rockberry, beargrape, or Samah.
Found in shrubs or red willow.
Inner red bark and dried leaves can be mixed with
tobacco and/or various herbal mixtures and smoked.
Used to treat urinary tract infections.
Can create hallucinations, out-of-body experiences.
Side Effects: rash, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps,
gastritis, blisters in mouth and throat.
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Conclusion:
Hallucinogens are relatively safe
 Hallucinogens are extremely potent
 Hallucinogen’s effects are unpredictable,
thus can be dangerous to user and others.
 Most drugs can cause hallucinations and
hallucinogenic effects when taken in high
doses.

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