Transcript SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

Consciousness
Chapter 4
Biofeedback
 Biofeedback
is a technique by which
one can monitor and control involuntary
activity of the body’s organs
Hypnosis
 Hypnosis
was defined by Hilgard as an
altered state of consciousness
 Suggestibility is an ability to be
hypnotized
Meditation
 Meditation
is the use of a variety of
techniques to produce a state of
consciousness characterized by a
sense of detachment
Meditation
 Two
types of meditation are mindfulness
(emptying one’s mind) and
concentration (concentrating on images
or mantras)
Altering Consciousness

A drug is a chemical substance that alters
biological or cognitive processes

Psychoactive drugs alter behaviour, thoughts,
and emotions by affecting biochemical
reactions in the nervous system

Addictive drug causes a compulsive
physiological need and withdrawal symptoms
Altering Consciousness
 Substance
abuser overuses and relies
on drugs to deal with stress and anxiety
 Psychological dependence is a
compelling desire to use a drug with an
inability to inhibit that desire
Altering Consciousness
 Withdrawal
symptoms are physiological
reactions that occur when an addictive
drug is no longer administered
 Tolerance means higher and higher
doses of a drug are needed to produce
the same effect
Sedative-Hypnotics
 Alcohol
depresses brain activity and
decreases inhibitions
 Alcohol-related problems are medical,
social or psychological problems
associated with alcohol use
 Other sedative-hypnotics include
barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opiates
Sedative-Hypnotics
 Opiates
include opium, morphine,
heroin
 Their medical uses include pain relief
 In the brain, opiates occupy endorphin
receptors
Sedative-Hypnotics
 Opiates
produce high tolerance and
dependence in many of those who use
them for pleasure
 Few people given opiates for pain relief
in hospitals become addicted
Stimulants
 Psychostimulants
are drugs that
increase alertness, reduce fatigue,
and elevate mood states
 Amphetamines produce strong
dependence
 Cocaine also increases alertness,
and rapidly creates positive feelings
Stimulants
(until the 1940’s or1960’s)
 Amphetamines Speed
 Cocaine Crack
 Myth-amphetamine
 Coca-Cola
Stimulants
 Nicotine
is the addictive drug in
tobacco, and nicotine withdrawal is
unpleasant
 Nicotine does not have strong
tolerance properties, but
dependence on it is strong
Psychedelic Drugs
 Psychedelics
affect mood, thought,
memory, judgment, and perception
 LSD produces altered perception of
visual and auditory stimuli, and changes
in time and distance perceptions
Psychedelic Drugs
 Marijuana
is the dried leaves and
flowering tops of the Cannabis Sativa
plant
 Marijuana affects judgment and
coordination, but produces neither
tolerance nor dependence
Self Consciousness
Self-Perception
Asomatognosia