Transcript Slide 1
Human Factors Presentation ____________________________ Overview of Factors affecting performance in Aviation Overview of Factors - Fatigue - Training - Distraction - Ergonomics Belle - Attitude to Safety Dickson - Communication Maria - Norm - Complacency Bertha - Stress - Drugs & Alcohol …… and other factors Airline Operations The Occupations Pilots Flight attendants Maintenance personnel The performance of the above occupations are critical for the safe operations in airlines SHEL model Software e.g. checklist Hardware e.g. gauges Environment e.g. weather Liveware e.g. colleague A negative biological influencer which interfered human’s performance by generating confusion and slow response. Symptoms: Sources: - Inadequate rest - Slower reaction time - Excessive physical activity - Lower vigilance and cognitive ability - Stress - Loss of short term memory and sustained attention -- Jet lag in Mental arithmetic and Word generation Inaction Impact Case The crash of KAL Flight 801 in Guam on 6 Aug 97. 228 / 254 dead One of the causes – Fatigue! - The Captain’s normal sleeping pattern was disturbed by the trip to Guam. Cockpit Voice Recordings 1520:01 Capt: they make us work to maximum and up to maximum. 1520:28 Capt: probably, this way. Hotel expense will be saved for cabin crews, and maximise the flight hours. Anyway, they make us (B747) classic guys work to maximum. 1521:13 Capt : eh….really ….sleepy.. 1521:15 F/O : of course. Source: NTSB report CFIT Korean Air 801, Guam Countermeasures How ? Work shift - Staffs can rest between each shift. Training - Skill-based training and Physical training. Regulations - Restriction on working hours. Quality of sleep / rest ( on-board crew rest areas) “An attitude is a disposition to respond in a certain way” (Hawkins, 2002) Sources: Symptoms of poor attitude to safety - Complacency / Overconfidence - By-passing standard procedure -- Risk-taking & Feeling of Invulnerability Anti-authority “It won’t happen to me” - Personality - Conformity (not speaking up despite problem) - Conflict between commercial interest and flight safety Conformity – Air Florida crash 1982 Example – Cockpit Voice Recordings 15:59:58 F/O: God, look at that thing. That don't seem right, does it? Uh, that's not right. 16:00:09 Capt: Yes it is, there's 80 (knots). 16:00:10 F/O: Na, I don't think that's right. Ah, maybe it is. 16:00:21 Capt: 120(knots) 16:00:23 F/O: I don't know… After this, the aircraft stalled and crashed… Source: Air Disaster vol. 2 by Macarthur Job Impacts Pilot - Making decisions that jeopardises safety - attempting to land in bad weather (China Airlines MD-11 in Hong Kong, Delta Airlines Tristar in Dallas) - letting an unauthorised person to occupy the command seat with control of an aircraft (Aeroflot A310 crash, 1994) Flight Attendants - Ignoring problems (e.g. passenger smells smoke) Maintenance Engineer - Omission (to meet deadlines) - Faulty repairs (using un-certified parts) Countermeasures How ? Crew Resource Management & Training - improve crew to crew relations (liveware – liveware), decision making in situations (liveware – environment - e.g. develop disciplined ethics of work, following checklists (liveware – software) Improve Airline Safety Culture - e.g. more emphasis on safety - Body’s reaction to changing environment - excites you and increases alertness - Causes of stress Stress is mainly caused by events occurring in you lifestyle or job. examples Organization Career Development Personal/Family too much/little work time pressure Change procedures Long hours time spent away boredom with role over promotion job loss financial problems re lationships ill health birth, marriage Symptoms SHORT TERM Physical Symptoms faster heart beat, increased sweating, cool skin, nausea, tense Performance Effects obstructs clear judgement Loss of precision when completing tasks prevents high quality work Frustration Symptoms LONG TERM Physical Symptoms Health deteriorates Behaviour changes Performance effects Can’t think clearly and rationally Leads to: Fatigue and Exhaustion, Depression, Breakdown PILOT Flying is hours of boredom scattered with moments of total panic. FLIGHT ATTENDANT emergency landing - limited time given to react and enforce a solution to a possible fatal scenario. AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL maintenance work is required to be completely quickly and accurately. - How to manage factor? Six steps to successfully manage stress 1. Identify sources of stress 2. Discuss problems with a friend, counsellor or psychologist 3. Formulate strategies to cope. 4. Maintain a balanced workload 5. Exercise, eat well and sleep 6. Take regular opportunities to relax “What’s important is not the source of stress, but how you as an individual choose to respond to it.” (Qantas Flight Safety Issue 2 Autumn 2000) Alcoholism: person having the habit of consuming alcohol very often and in large amounts. Drug Abuse: the use of a drug for pleasure, or to improve a person’s performance of an activity (Cambridge Dictionary) Symptoms: Alcohol “hangover”- headache, gastrointestinal upset and general feelings of ill-health. (Newman, 2004) Drugs drowsiness dizziness Blurred vision Confusion depression Examples: Alcohol Drugs medicine (e.g. anti-biotic) illegal substance (e.g. cannabis) !!!>>>> Alcohol - Information processing - memory - verbal skills - reaction times - attention - perception - reasoning tasks Drug - increase in heart rate, body temperature and appetite - respiratory problems - lung-damage - cancer - memory and concentration impairments - possible motivational syndrome Threat to flight safety In 1977, a Japan Airlines DC8 crashed in Alaska and the pilot was subsequently found to have a BAC of 0.021%. About 0.06% of pilots and air traffic controllers have a confirmed positive drug test (FAA) Countermeasures: Safety Management System “No alcohol in the system when you fly” The Air Regulations require that a pilot allow at least 12 hours between the consumption of alcohol and piloting an aircraft. Substance abuse is discouraged at all levels!!! Conclusion wide range of factors Good management of HF = reduction of negative effect on performance Applies to most areas of airline operations References ReferencesAuthor (unknown), 1998, ‘How to Master Stress, Mind Tools Ltd, United Kingdom’, viewed on 18th April 2005,http://www.psychwww.com/mtsite/smpage.html Author (unknown), 2003, ‘Stress Management’, Georgia reproductive specialists, viewed on 24th April 2005, <http://www.ivf.com/stress.html> Civil Aviation Safety Authority, 2004, ‘Air Operation Certification Manual section 7.28’, Civil Aviation Safety Authority, Australia, viewed 3rd may 2005, http://www.casa.gov.au/manuals/regulate/aocm/011r0728.pdf Department of Transport of Canada, 2004,’Human Performance factors of elementary work and servicing’, Department of Transport of Canada, Canada, viewed 3 May 2005, < http://www.tc.gc.ca/CIVILaviation/maintenance/AARPE/HumanPerformance/menu.htm > Graeber, C (published date: unknown),’The Role of Human Factors’, The Boeing Company, USA, viewed 28 April 2005, < http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/human_story.html > Mattison, P May 2005, ‘Stress’, FAA Aviation News, Atlanta, USA, viewed on 24th April 2005, <http://www.iflyamerica.org/stress.htm> Newman, D.G., “Alcohol and Human Performance from an Aviation Perspective: A Review”, March 2004, Australian Transport Safety Bureau, viewed 29 March 2005, <http://www.atsb.gov.au/aviation/research/alcohol.pdf> Richmond R L, 2005, ‘The Psychology of stress’, A Guide to Psychology and its Practice, San Francisco, USA, viewed on 18th April 2005, <http://www.guidetopsychology.com/stress.htm> Rosekind, M. R., Neri, D. F., Miller, D. L., Gregory, K. B., Webbon, L. L., Oyung, R. L. 1997, ‘Crew Fatigue Research Focusing on Developmental and Use of Effective Countermeasures’, International Civil Aviation Organization Journal vol. 52, pp. 20 – 22, cited in NASA Human Factors Ames Research Center, USA, viewed 5 May 2005, <http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov/zteam/fcp/pubs/ICAO.journal.html> Strauss, S (published date: unknown),’ Pilot Fatigue’, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA, viewed 20 April 2005, http://www.aviationcrm.com/Pilot_Fatigue.htm Books Gradwell, D., Green, R.G, R.L, James, M., Muir, H., 1999, Human Factors for Pilots, 2nd edition, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England. Hawkins, F (2nd Edition), 1993, Human Factors in Flight, Aldershot, UK, Ashgate Publishing. Koonce, J, M, 2001, Human Factors in the Training of Pilots, Taylor and Francis, London.