Transcript Caffeine

Chapter 11
Caffeine
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Caffeine
• Caffeine belongs to a family of stimulant
drugs called xanthines.
• It is found in coffee, tea, chocolate,
many soft drinks, and some
medications.
• Other xanthines are theophylline (found
in tea) and theobromine (found in
chocolate).
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Coffee
• Coffee drinking originated in the Middle
East and later was introduced to
England in the seventeenth century.
• Coffee houses in Britain and in colonial
America sprang up as establishments
where political and social discussions
could be held.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Coffee
• Today’s coffee comes from a mixture of
arabica and robusta beans, imported
largely from Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia,
and several nations in Africa.
• On average, a 5-ounce cup of coffee
contains roughly 100 mg of caffeine, the
actual level being determined by the type
of coffee beans used and the method of
brewing.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tea
• Tea drinking originated in China and
later was introduced to Europe by Dutch
traders in the early seventeenth century.
• It became most popular in Britain and
Russia.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tea
• Today, tea consumption is greatest in
Britain and Ireland.
• On average, a 5-ounce cup of tea
contains roughly 60 mg of caffeine, the
actual level being determined by the
method of brewing and brand.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chocolate
• Chocolate originated in pre-Columbian
Central America and was introduced
into Europe by the return of Cortés to
Spain in 1528.
• Its popularity spread across Europe in
the seventeenth century.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chocolate
• By the 1880s, techniques for producing
present-day milk chocolate had been
perfected.
• The caffeine level in chocolate is
relatively low, roughly 6 mg per ounce.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Soft Drinks
• Caffeinated colas have most of the
caffeine content added to the beverage
during production.
• Levels of caffeine in these beverages
are approximately 38–45 mg per 12
ounces.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table 11.1
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table 11.2
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table 11.3
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Caffeine from Medications
• Like drugs, caffeine and other xanthines
are stimulants of the CNS and of
peripheral musculature.
• Theophylline, in particular, has a strong
bronchodilating effect and is useful for
treating asthmatic conditions.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Caffeine as a Drug
• The behavioral effects of caffeine can be
characterized principally as a reduction in
fatigue and boredom, as well as a delay in
the onset of sleep.
• Recent evidence suggests that caffeine might
lower the risk of developing Parkinson’s
disease in men.
• A comparable protective role in women is
currently uncertain.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Caffeine as a Drug
• Health risks from moderate consumption of
caffeine are not clinically significant, except
for the adverse effects on fetal development
during pregnancy, the development of bone
loss among the elderly, a possible adverse
effect on the cardiac condition of patients
already suffering from cardiovascular
disease, and the aggravation of panic attacks
among patients with this disorder.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Caffeine as a Drug
• Continued consumption of caffeine
produces tolerance effects; when
caffeine consumption ceases,
withdrawal symptoms are observed.
• High levels of caffeine consumption can
produce toxic effects, although deaths
are extremely rare.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Kids and Caffeine
• Young people in the United States
ingest increasingly large quantities of
caffeine through the drinking of
caffeinated soft drinks and coffee.
• The actual dosage level is substantial,
since body weight is less than that of an
adult.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Kids and Caffeine
• Health concerns regarding caffeine
consumption in this population include
potential deficiencies in calcium and
phosphorus for normal bone growth as well
as behavioral problems such as insomnia,
nervousness, and anxiety.
• The current popularity of highly caffeinated
“energy drinks” has added to these problems.
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.