Transcript Farmers' Market - bondens eget marked?

The government’s role in enabling
sustainable food
production and consumption
Anne Moxnes Jervell
National Institute for Consumer Research (SIFO)
Food: safety and sustainability, a common project
of producers and consumers?
Utrecht, 23rd June 2005
Rural Sociology Group, Wageningen University
Anne M Jervell
A Norwegian view..
Inge Grødum, Aftenposten 1999
Anne M Jervell
Norway: marginal farming
% of total land
area
Farming on the margin..
Land Type
Anne M Jervell
Mountains
48
Productive Forest
22
Unproductive Forest
15
Bogs and wetland
6
Lakes, glaciers
5
Agricultural land
3
Urban Land
1
Producer Support
Estimates
Sveits
71
66
Norge
Japan
64
63
Island
EU-15
38
22
USA
Polen
20
19
Canada
Mexico
18
Tsjekkia
18
Ungarn
18
13
Tyrkia
Australia
6
1
New Zealand
0
10
20
30
40
Prosent PSE
Anne M Jervell
50
60
70
80
Topics
• Sustainable food production
– Local production vs trade
– Environmental vs social sustainability
• Sustainable food consumption
– Food security
– Nutrition and health effects
• The role of government
– Agricultural policy
– Food safety regulation
– Consumer and nutritional policy
Anne M Jervell
Sustainable food production and
consumption
Definition of sustainability
– Sustainable development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Brundtland Report (World Commission on
Environment & Development)
Producing and consuming without reducing the
(total) capital available for future use.
Anne M Jervell
Local food production vs trade?
• Local production has local effects
– Negative externalities (pollution, lasting effects?)
» Restrictions and regulations, organic agriculture
– Positive externalities (landscape)
» Subsidies, basis for tourism, quality of life
• Trade in global commodities can
– increase efficiency in resource use
– remove consumers from negative external effects of
production
Anne M Jervell
Ex. Local and global markets
Differentiation
Special
product
Niche products
Differentiated products
Value added products
Local food
Alternative food
ds
n
a
Br
Bulk products
Basic
product
Markets
Local
Regional
National
EU
Global
Figur fra: Forsman 2001: Resource-Based Strategy Analysis: A Case of Local Food Processing
Firms in Finland, In Borgen (ed) The Food Sector in Transition- Nordic Research, NILF-Report
2001-2
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Ex. Local agenda 21 initiatives
Municipalities focusing
environmental costs of
imported foods and the
question of local food
supply
Anne M Jervell
Environmental vs social
sustainability:
• Environmental sustainability: production without
negative effects on environmental capital
– Effects of farm structure on environment (monocult)
– Effects of farming systems on environment (pesticides)
– Indirect effects from transport (global warming)
• Social sustainability: production with positive
effects on human and social capital
– The regional population and employment effects of
local agricultural and food production
– The welfare and distributional effects of trade
Anne M Jervell
Sustainable food consumption?
• Food security
– Long term food security
» Productive capacity, management of resources
(fisheries)
– A sustainable diet (in periods of shortage ex WW 2)
» Meat consumption
• Health effects
– National nutrition policies promoting a healthy diet
– Rising obesity rates and diabetes prevalence
Anne M Jervell
Nutrition policies
From policies directed towards
supplying enough foods dominated the
post-war period,
focus shifted in the 1970s and 1980s
towards reducing the intake of fat.
Protectionism and food prices:
countries with higher pSE levels (and
food prices) have lower obesity rates..
But: prices of food commodities have a
diminishing share of total food prices.
Anne M Jervell
Consumption trends
Food Item
Norway
1980
Norway
1998
US
1999
France
1998
Meat
74.1
85.5
98.4
112.7
Fish
22.0
25.2
6.9
24.82
Eggs
10.8
10.3
14.9
14.9
Cheese
11.8
14.2
12.5
32.13
165.5
128.6
85.9
69.0
142.6
32.6
31.3
Soft drinks
26.7
67.2
196.6
Vegetables
44.7
60.7
191.0
Fluid milk
Whole milk
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123.7
Diverging trends in the food markets?
• Globalization and international standardization
– Trans-national companies
– Globally converging consumption patterns
AND
• Local differentiation
– Food related tourism
– Interest in speciality products in the high-income population
Anne M Jervell
The case for local or regional food
Value-adding
Cultural identity and traditional products
Food as part of a tourism product
Quality and freshness
Environmental effects
Positive environmental effects of food production
Sustainability and self-sufficiency
Development
Producer-consumer contact stimulates innovation
Increased diversity and differentiation
Anne M Jervell
The ABC of Policies that affect food production
and consumption
• Agro-food sector policies (agricultural policy, food
sector regulation)
– Support to production in non-competitive regions
– Regulation and competition policy
• Barriers to food trade (tariffs, standards, TBT)
– Reductions in tariffs
– Increased importance of technical barriers
• Consumer policy and food safety regulations
– Nutrition policies, labeling, nutritional information
– Hygienic standards, traceability, disease control
Anne M Jervell
Ministry of agriculture and food
http://odin.dep.no/lmd/html/multifunc/
The Ministry of Agriculture and Food is responsible for
food and agricultural policymaking. The food policy aims
to provide consumers with wholesome, high quality food
products, and to ensure that the food production
process is carried out with environmental, public health
and animal welfare concerns in mind.
Multifunctional agriculture: the case of Norway
Beyond its primary role of producing food and fibre
agriculture also contributes to the viability of rural areas, food
security, the cultural heritage and environmental benefits such
as the agricultural landscape, agro-biological diversity, land
conservation and high standards of plant, animal and public
health.
Anne M Jervell
Ex. Organic agriculture
•The role of government:
– Setting goals: Norway – 10% of acreage in organic farming
– Subsidizing conversion
– Certification bodies and labelling systems
BUT: in Norway only 10-30% of organic food is sold and
consumed as organic
– Public procurement of organic products (ex Denmark)
Anne M Jervell
Ex. International standards
Anne M Jervell
Ex. Food Safety and consumers
The Norwegian Food Safety Authority is a
governmental body. Our goal is that consumers
should have healthy and safe food and safe
drinking water. We promote human, plant, fish and
animal health, environmentally friendly
production, and ethically acceptable farming of
animals and fish. The Norwegian Food Safety
Authority also performs duties relating to cosmetics
and medicines, and inspects animal health
personnel.
www.mattilsynet.no
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Government
Food
Producers
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Consumers
Development last 20 years with respect to safety
etc. (>1 improvement <1 worse)?
7
6
1,1
1,1
5
1,2
0,3
1,2
1
1,1
4
1,3
1,1
3
2
1
1,2
1,3
1,3
1,5
1,5
G.Britain
Denmark
1
1,1
1,1
1,3
1,2
1,2
0,5
>1 improved
0,9
<1 worse
1,1
0,2
0,5
1
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,1
1
0,8
1,2
1,1
1,1
Portugal
Italy
0
Safety
Anne M Jervell
Norway
Nutrition
E.Germany W.Germany
Farming methods
Quality
Price
Concluding:
Policies can have negative or positive effects on
sustainability – and the evaluation of effects will
depend on level (global, regional, local)
National policies are strongly influenced by
international context, industry actors (producers),
and more recently, consumer interests.
Anne M Jervell