Transcript Culture And Pop Notes

Studying Population
• Demography is the statistical
study of human populations
• Demography is used to predict
future population trends to
determine where possible
population
increases/decreases will occur
Population Density
• Average number of people living
in a region, which is expressed in
# of people/square mile.
• Populations vary greatly
throughout the world
–Landforms
–Climates
–Water availability
Population Distribution
• How are
populations
densities
spread or
distributed all
over the
world?
– Populations
are spread
unevenly
throughout the
world
Where do most people
live?
• 90% of the world population
lives in the Northern
Hemisphere
–between 20 and 60 degrees North
latitude
–In low lands and areas with fertile
soil
• Example- river valleys
Four world population
clusters
• East Asia
• South
Asia
• Europe
• Eastern
North
America
Population Changes
• 3 factors determine population
changes
–1. Birth Rate
–2. Death Rate
–3. Migration
Birth Rate
• Number of live birth’s each
year for every 1000 people in a
region
Death Rate
• Number of death’s each year
for every 1000 people in a
region
Migration
• Process of moving from one
place to live in another
– Emigrants
– Immigrants
– Push and Pull Factors
– Refugees
Natural Increase
• Population changes
based solely on the
birth and death rates
• Existing
number of
people is too
large to be
supported by
available
resources
• Currently 6.9
billion people
on Earth
– Population
growing by 80
million each
year
Future Population
• Population
Projectionsestimates the
future population
sizes, ages,
growth rates
• Demographers
use POPULATION
PYRAMIDS
Culture- All the features
of a peoples way of life
• Culture Trait- activities and
behaviors used by people
• Culture Region- an area where
people have similar traits and
beliefs
• Ethnic Group- human
population which shares
ancestry and culture traits
3 causes for Culture
Change
• 1. Migration- movement of people
and goods/services
• 2. War- relocation of people who
take their culture traits with them.
• 3. Trade- people send a pieces of
their culture to other places which
affect that culture.
• Acculturation- Individual or group
adopts some traits to that of
another culture (language,
religion)
• Innovation- new ideas which are
accepted by culture (baggy pants,
Tattoos)
• Diffusion- ideas or innovations
spread from one person to another
and are adopted. (music, fashion)
• Globalization- the process in
which connections around the
world increase and cultures
merge
• Traditionalism- cultures which
follow longtime historical
practices or ways of life and
who sometimes oppose
many modern innovations.
World Language and
World Religion
• Dialect- regional variety of
language
• Major vs. Minor Languagealmost every country in the
world has a major and a minor
language.
Religion
• Ethnic Religion- Focuses on one ethnic
group and generally spreads into culture
• Animist Religion- People who believe
in the presence of the spirits and the
forces of nature
• Polytheism- belief in many gods
• Monotheism- belief in one god
• Henotheism- belief in one god without
denying the existence of other gods.
Examples of Religion
• Ethnic Religion- Jews/Muslims
• Animists- Voodoo
• Polytheism- Hinduism
• Monotheism- Christianity
• Missionariespeople who
help spread
religion
around the
world.
Types of Government
• Autocracy- government run by a
single person who has unlimited
powers (North Korea)
– Totalitarianism- Absolute power
– Absolute Monarchy- King or queen with
absolute power
• Constitutional Monarchy- King or
queen who rules along with elected
officials and both must abide to a
constitution (United Kingdom)
• Oligarchy- Government run by a few
powerful people (South Africa)
• Communism- Economic and political
system in which the government
controls and owns all the means of
production. (China)
• Socialism- Free enterprise system of
economy in which the government
owns and controls some of the
means of production. (Canada)
• Democracy- Government run by
the people, either directly or
through elected officials or
representatives. (USA)
– Direct Democracy- citizens participated
directly in the decision making process
– Representative Democracy- voters elect
officials to make decisions in their interest
– Republic- Political order in which the power
lies with the citizens who vote representatives
to be responsible for some of the decision
making process (USA)
Types of Economies
• Market Economy- Economy
which the people freely
choose what to buy and sell
–Free Enterprise- System which lets
competition among businesses
determine the price of a product
–Capitalism- business, industry, and
resources are privately owned
• Command Economy- The
government decides what to
produce, where to make it, and
what price to sell it at
• Traditional or Subsistence
Economy- People who make
goods for themselves and sell
whatever they have left over
4 Types of Economic Activities
• 1. Primary- economic activity that uses
natural resources directly (farming, fishing,
mining)
• 2. Secondary- Use of raw materials to
produce or manufacture something new
(wheat to flour, lumber to plywood)
• 3. Tertiary- Provides a service to people or
businesses (teacher, dry cleaner, grocer)
• 4. Quaternary- requires workers to have a
specialized skill or training (doctor,
scientist, engineer)
How to measure the
development of a country
Gross Domestic Product- GDP- Total
value of goods and services which
were built within a country per year.
Gross National Product- GNP- Total
value of goods and services which a
country produces either foreign or
domestic per year.
• Industrialization- process by which
manufacturing based on machine
power becomes widespread in an
area
• Literacy Rate- the percentage of
people who can read and write in a
country (over the age of 15)
• Standard of Living- per capita,
education levels, food consumption,
food production, population size, and
population prediction.
More
Developed
vs. Less
Developed
• More Developed
–richest countries in the world
–high levels of industrialization
–high standard of livings
–High GDP and GNP
–Less than 25% of the worlds
populations live in these countries.
–They have a lot of infrastructure (all
systems of transportation including
roads, ports, highways...)
• Less Developed
–World’s poorest countries
–Low standard of living
–Low literacy rates, GNP, GDP
–Majority of world populations lives
here
–High government corruption, birth
rates, death rates, and infant
mortality rates.
• Mid Income Countries
–Features of both developed and
developing countries.
–Usually have modern cities or
urban areas but poor rural or
country areas.
• Mexico
• Thailand
• Brazil
• Malaysia
3 Types of Boundaries
• 1. Natural Boundary- follow a
feature of the landscape
• 2. Cultural Boundary- based on a
cultural trait
• 3. Geometric Boundary- usually
follow a straight line with regard to
the environment
• Domestication- taming of animals
• Urbanization- people moving from rural
areas to live in urban areas
• Shifting Cultivation- farmers clear trees
for planting fields which are farmed for a
few years until the soil is depleted of its
nutrients and then it is abandoned.
• Subsistence Agriculture- growing enough
for your needs
• World Cities- most important centers of
economic power and wealth (NYC, Tokyo,
London)
• Nationalism- Feelings of pride and
loyalty for ones own country
• Terrorism- the use of fear and
violence as a political force
• United Nations- representatives from
almost every country discuss
international issues (goal- prevent
war)
• World Trade Organization- works to
make trade between countries fair
and organized.