Transcript Population notes -revised

Studying Population
• Demography is the statistical study
of human populations
• Demography is used to predict
future population trends to
determine where possible
population increases/decreases will
occur
Population Density
• Average number of people living in a
region, which is expressed in # of
people/square mile.
• Populations vary greatly throughout
the world
–Landforms
–Climates
–Water availability
Population Distribution
• How are
populations
densities spread
or distributed all
over the world?
– Populations are
spread unevenly
throughout the
world
Where do most people live?
• 90% of the world population lives
in the Northern Hemisphere
–between 20 and 60 degrees North
latitude
–In low lands and areas with fertile soil
• Example- river valleys
Four world population
clusters
•
•
•
•
East Asia
South Asia
Europe
Southeast
Asia
Population Changes
• 3 factors determine population changes
–1. Birth Rate
–2. Death Rate
–3. Migration
Birth Rate
• Number of live birth’s each year for
every 1000 people in a region
Death Rate
• Number of death’s each year for
every 1000 people in a region
Migration
• Process of moving from one place to live
in another
– Emigrants
– Immigrants
– Push and Pull Factors (reasons people leave a
county and why they go to another place
– Refugees
Type of Migration
• Immigrant – When a person moves to a new
country
• Emigrant – When you leave your country
Fertility
• Total Fertility Rate: total number of children
the average women in a population is likely to
have Ex: Developing countries 7 to developed
countries 1
• Infant Mortality Rate: number of deaths of
children under 1 yr old, in a year per 1,000
children
– Used an indicator of the level of health in a
country
Natural Increase
• Population changes
based solely on the birth
and death rates
• Existing number
of people is too
large to be
supported by
available
resources
• Currently 6.6
billion people on
Earth
– Population
growing by 80
million each year
Challenges
• Producing enough food for the increasing
population
• World food production has increased except in
Africa
• Strains resources like water, housing, and
clothing
• A lot of the population is too young to
contribute to food production
Negative Population Growth
• Death rate exceeds the annual birthrate
• Ex: Germany and Hungary
• Problems:
– Hard to find enough workers
– Bring in workers from other countries
Future Population
• Population
Projectionsestimates the future
population sizes,
ages, growth rates
• Demographers use
POPULATION
PYRAMIDS
Demographic Transition Model
• Same information as a population pyramid but
in a line graph
• 5 stages
– High Fluctuating
– Early Expanding
– Late Expanding
– Low Fluctuating
– Declining
Stage 1: High Fluctuating
•
•
•
•
Birthrate and death rate are both high
Population growth is slow and fluctuating
Ex: Ethiopia
High Birthrate reasons:
– Lack of family planning
– High Infant Mortality Rate
– Need Workers for agriculture
– Religious beliefs
• High Death rate reasons:
– High levels of disease
– Famine
– Lack of clean water and sanitation
– Lack of health care
– War
– Lack of education
Stage 2: Early Expanding
• High Birthrate and falling death rate
• Steady rising population
• Reasons for falling death rate:
– Improved health care
– Improved hygiene
– Improved sanitation
– Improved food production and storage
– Decreased Infant Mortality Rates
• Ex: Nigeria
Stage 3: Late Expanding
• Birthrate begins to fall; death rate continues to
fall
• Reasons:
–
–
–
–
–
Family planning available
Lower Infant Mortality Rate
Increased mechanization reduces need for workers
Increased standard of living
Changing status of women
• Ex: China, Brazil
Stage 4: Low Fluctuating
• Birthrate and Death rate both fall
• Zero population growth
• Ex: USA, Japan, Britain
Stage 5: Declining
• Low death rate and lower birthrate
• Ex: Germany
• Reasons:
– Improved healthcare
– Very low birthrates
– Low death rates
– Later marriages
Culture- All the features of
a peoples way of life
• Culture Trait- activities and
behaviors used by people
• Culture Region- an area where
people have similar traits and
beliefs
• Ethnic Group- human population
which shares ancestry and culture
traits
3 causes for Culture
Change
• 1. Migration- movement of people and
goods/services
• 2. War- relocation of people who take
their culture traits with them.
• 3. Trade- people send a pieces of their
culture to other places which affect that
culture.
• Acculturation- Individual or group
adopts some traits to that of another
culture (language, religion)
• Innovation- new ideas which are
accepted by culture (baggy pants,
Tattoos)
• Diffusion- ideas or innovations spread
from one person to another and are
adopted. (music, fashion)
• Globalization- the process in which
connections around the world
increase and cultures merge
• Traditionalism- cultures which follow
longtime historical practices or ways
of life and who sometimes oppose
many modern innovations.
World Language and
World Religion
• Dialect- regional variety of
language
• Major vs. Minor Language- almost
every country in the world has a
major and a minor language.
Religion
• Ethnic Religion- Focuses on one ethnic
group and generally spreads into culture
• Animist Religion- People who believe in the
presence of the spirits and the forces of
nature
• Polytheism- belief in many gods
• Monotheism- belief in one god
• Henotheism- belief in one god without
denying the existence of other gods.
Examples of Religion
• Ethnic Religion- Jews/Muslims
• Animists- Voodoo
• Polytheism- Hinduism
• Monotheism- Christianity
• Missionariespeople who
help spread
religion around
the world.
Types of Government
• Autocracy- government run by a single
person who has unlimited powers (North
Korea)
– Totalitarianism- Absolute power
– Absolute Monarchy- King or queen with absolute
power
• Constitutional Monarchy- King or queen
who rules along with elected officials and
both must abide to a constitution (United
Kingdom)
• Oligarchy- Government run by a few
powerful people (South Africa)
• Communism- Economic and political
system in which the government controls
and owns all the means of production.
(China)
• Socialism- Free enterprise system of
economy in which the government owns
and controls some of the means of
production. (Canada)
• Democracy- Government run by the
people, either directly or through
elected officials or representatives.
(USA)
– Direct Democracy- citizens participated directly in
the decision making process
– Representative Democracy- voters elect officials to
make decisions in their interest
– Republic- Political order in which the power lies with
the citizens who vote representatives to be
responsible for some of the decision making process
(USA)
Types of Economies
• Market Economy- Economy which
the people freely choose what to
buy and sell
–Free Enterprise- System which lets
competition among businesses
determine the price of a product
–Capitalism- business, industry, and
resources are privately owned
• Command Economy- The
government decides what to
produce, where to make it, and
what price to sell it at
• Traditional or Subsistence EconomyPeople who make goods for
themselves and sell whatever they
have left over
4 Types of Economic Activities
• 1. Primary- economic activity that uses natural
resources directly (farming, fishing, mining)
• 2. Secondary- Use of raw materials to produce or
manufacture something new (wheat to flour,
lumber to plywood)
• 3. Tertiary- Provides a service to people or
businesses (teacher, dry cleaner, grocer)
• 4. Quaternary- requires workers to have a
specialized skill or training (doctor, scientist,
engineer)
How to measure the
development of a country
Gross Domestic Product- GDP- Total value of
goods and services which were built within a
country per year.
Gross National Product- GNP- Total value of
goods and services which a country
produces either foreign or domestic per
year.
• Industrialization- process by which
manufacturing based on machine power
becomes widespread in an area
• Literacy Rate- the percentage of people
who can read and write in a country (over
the age of 15)
• Standard of Living- per capita, education
levels, food consumption, food production,
population size, and population prediction.
Developed vs.
Developing
• Developed
–richest countries in the world
–high levels of industrialization
–high standard of livings
–High GDP and GNP
–Less than 25% of the worlds populations
live in these countries.
–They have a lot of infrastructure (all
systems of transportation including roads,
ports, highways...)
• Developing
–World’s poorest countries
–Low standard of living
–Low literacy rates, GNP, GDP
–Majority of world populations lives here
–High government corruption, birth rates,
death rates, and infant mortality rates.
• Mid Income Countries
–Features of both developed and
developing countries.
–Usually have modern cities or urban
areas but poor rural or country areas.
• Mexico
• Thailand
• Brazil
• Malaysia
3 Types of Boundaries
• 1. Natural Boundary- follow a feature of
the landscape
• 2. Cultural Boundary- based on a
cultural trait
• 3. Geometric Boundary- usually follow a
straight line with regard to the
environment
• Domestication- taming of animals
• Urbanization- people moving from rural areas
to live in urban areas
• Shifting Cultivation- farmers clear trees for
planting fields which are farmed for a few years
until the soil is depleted of its nutrients and
then it is abandoned.
• Subsistence Agriculture- growing enough for
your needs
• World Cities- most important centers of
economic power and wealth (NYC, Tokyo,
London)
• Nationalism- Feelings of pride and loyalty
for ones own country
• Terrorism- the use of fear and violence as a
political force
• United Nations- representatives from
almost every country discuss international
issues (goal- prevent war)
• World Trade Organization- works to make
trade between countries fair and
organized.