Transcript Regions - unfccc

Impact of national circumstances on
policy-making process
&
Key drivers underlying emission trends in
Belgium
Etienne Hannon
Federal DG Environment Belgium
Workshop on the preparation of the fourth national communications by Parties
included in Annex I to the Convention
30 September - 1 October 2004, Dublin, Ireland
Belgian federal structure
 1 Federal State
 3 Communities
Flemish
region
Flemish
community
 3 Regions
equal from the legal
point of view
Walloon
region
but
powers and
responsibilities for
different fields
BrusselsCapital region
French
community
German
community
Overview of competences
Federal State
Regions
Environment Coordination of the international Environmental policy (air,
environmental policy
water, soil, forest)
Regulating marketing of
Waste management
products (standards, labels,…) + dangerous installations, nature and
+ waste transit, marine environment,
radioactive waste
Energy
Transport
Major infrastructure & planning
in electricity and gas sectors
Tariffs & taxes
Nuclear
Off-shore wind energy
hunting conservation,…
Local distribution and
transport of gas & electricity
RUE & energy efficiency
RES
+ heat networks, energy recovery, …
National airport & Railways
Highways , waterways,
seaports, regional airports
Taxes on vehicles and fuels
Technical standards for vehicles Public transport
School transport
The challenge of climate policy
 Climate policy = complex issue: energy, transport,
fiscality, agriculture, waste, …
 Belgian federal structure adds extra dimension to
complexity:
- Federal and regional competencies in most cc-related policy
domains
- Federal and regional levels are sovereign regarding their
competences
=> Need for extensive coordination
Cooperation agreement for climate policy
 Parties : Federal State, Flemish region, Walloon
region, Brussels-Capital region
 Main objective : reduce GHG emissions, as
determined by KP and decision 2002/358/EC (EU
burden sharing) (-7.5%)
 Specific objectives :
- implementation and follow-up of the National Climate Plan
- ensure compliance with reporting obligations (UNFCCC, KP
& Mechanism for monitoring EC GHG emissions (decision
280/2004/EC)
Cooperation agreement for climate policy
 Executive body : National Climate Commission
 Provisions related to reporting :
- to make sure that methodologies, procedures, data analysis,
projections used by the Parties to the agreement are
compatible and, if possible, harmonised
- Regions are committed to deliver yearly to the NCC a report
containing the relevant information allowing the federal
government to report data in accordance with the UNFCCC
guidelines, and decision 280/2004/EC
National Burden Sharing agreement
1. Regions are assigned a target
2. Regions are each responsable for closing the difference
between emissions and Assigned Amount on their territory,
through:
 reducing their emissions
Fl.
 using flexibility mechanisms
Wa.
Belgian Assigned
Amount under K.P.
Br.
National Burden Sharing agreement
Regional Assigned Amounts under the burden sharing
•
Walloon Region:
1990 emissions minus 7,5 %
•
Flemish Region:
1990 emissions minus 5,2 %
•
Brussels Capital Region:
1990 emissions plus 3,475 %
 Total exceeds Belgian Assigned Amount under the Kyoto
Protocol
 Federal Government will cover the difference through use of
the Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms
 2,46 Mton CO2-eq/yr.in 2008-2012
 Financed by 25 M€/yr. Kyoto Fund (operational since 2003)
Greenhouse gas emission in Belgium (2002)
Total GHG emissions = 150.3 Mt CO2 eq
CO2 emissions = 84.2% of total emissions
Waste
2,0%
Sectoral contributions:
Agriculture
8,2%
Industrial
Processes
10,5%
Other
0,7%
Energy Ind.
17,9%
Manuf. Ind. &
Constr.
23,0%
Other
(energy)
20,3%
Transport
17,3%
Belgian emission trends (1990-2002)
30%
27,2%
21,8%
20%
8,4%
10%
1,9%
0,8%
2,9%
0,9%
0%
-1,8%
-5,7%
-10%
-2,5%
-2,7%
-8,5%
-10,6%
-20%
-10,1%-8,7%
-18,4%
-20,0%
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EU15
In-depth review of the 3rd Nat. Com.
 “The review team [..] noted the following trends: a substantial increase
in the emissions from transport, an increase in the “other” emissions
[..]”
 “The emission trends are presented well in the NC3 but not all factors
leading to these trends are clearly explained.”
 [..] no data to support explanations [that freight transport by road grew
faster than GDP] were available at the time of the review; [..]. The
review team encouraged Belgian experts to continue studies in this
area”
 “The review team identified some areas for further improvement:
identification of key drivers for emissions growth”
 “The Belgian NC3 is, in general, in compliance with the UNFCCC
reporting guidelines”
How to improve the reporting of information on key drivers ?
 Solution = development of indicators
 Criteria for the selection of indicators:
- clear definition & common understanding
- be policy relevant
- soundly founded
- transparent (well documented and of known quality)
- comparable
- easily available (cf. data & resource demand)
Indicators : developments within the EU
 European Energy Agency : « core set of indicators »
- 37 indicators on 11 topics, among which energy (5) & CC (4)
- Basis for EEA reports (« Environment signals »)
 Eurostat : « structural indicators » on environment
- 15 indicators, based on latest national statistics, available on the web
 Mechanism for monitoring EC GHG emissions (decision 280/2004/EC)
- 15 (+13) indicators to be reported annually (CO2 intensities)
 ODYSSEE-SAVE European project on energy efficiency indicators
- Objective: to review national achievements in energy efficiency and CO2
emissions at a sectoral level
- Network of 15 national Agencies
- Products : common database on energy efficiency indicators, workshops,
annual reports
Energy intensity of GDP
toe / M EUR 95 (1990 = 100)
before climate correction
after climate correction
Source : ECONOTEC (The ODYSSEE Project Results for Belgium)
Final energy intensity by sector *
(1990 = 100)
industry
transport
tertiary
residential
* Final energy use (toe) / activity variable (M EUR 95)
value added (industry, tertiary)
private consumption (households)
GDP (transport)
Source : ECONOTEC (The ODYSSEE Project Results for Belgium)
Energy intensity : a good proxy for energy efficiency ?
Energy (CO2) intensity :
- consumption (CO2 emissions) / GDP (or value added)
- « economic approach »
- easily available but encompass other effects than
energy efficiency (structure)
 Not appropriate to identify and assess the
contributions of the main factors responsible for the
changes in energy consumption
Contributions to changes in energy intensities
Evolution of the energy intensity can be expressed as the sum of
two different contributions:
 structural effect: effect of a change in the structure of the
consumption sector
e.g. shift of industrial output from energy intensive industries to less
energy intensive industries
 unit consumption effect: change in consumption per unit of
activity (proxy for the energy efficiency)
Structural effect =
Unit consumption effect = EIt - EI0 - SEt
Key drivers of the energy consumption in road transport (passenger)
(% of the consumption in 1990)
30
20
10
activity effect
structural effect
0
energy efficiency
consumption
-10
-20
Source : NIS, ODYSSEE (calculations by ECONOTEC)
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
-30
Key drivers of the energy consumption in road transport (freight)*
(% of the consumption in 1990)
50
40
30
20
activity effect
10
structural effect
0
energy efficiency
-10
consumption
-20
-30
-40
* Wallonia
Source : NIS, ODYSSEE (calculations by ECONOTEC)
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
-50
Conclusions
 Institutional complexity is not an obstacle to the
implementation of climate policies or the compliance
with reporting obligations but need for extensive
cooperation and institutional arrangements
 Analysis of key drivers of emission trends allows for
identifying problems, highlighting good practices and
tuning PAMs
 Sets of widely used indicators are currently available,
which allow for a thorough analysis of key drivers
Thank you !