Transcript Innovations Systems Approach

Innovation Systems
Approach: Implications for
Agricultural Education and
Research
Learning Agrobiodiversity: Options for
Universities in Sub-Saharan Africa
21 – 23 January 2000
Judith Francis
Senior Programme Coordinator
S&T Strategies, CTA
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Presentation Outline
 ACP Ag Performance
Innovation System - the context
Knowledge & learning theories
Need for innovation
Innovation Systems Approach
 Conclusions
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Agricultural Performance Agriculture contribution to GDP (%)
60.0
50.0
Southern Africa
40.0
Central Africa
Wes t Africa
30.0
Eas tern Africa
20.0
Caribbean
Pacific
10.0
0.0
1979-81
1999-01
2005
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The Context – Innovation Systems (IS)
 Innovation is the application of knowledge (old or
new) to bring new products/processes/services into
social and economic use
 Innovation
is not invention nor technology
development but an interactive, evolutionary,
cumulative process - continuous learning /searching
 Innovation is embedded in the political, social,
economic, organizational and institutional context
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The Context – Innovation Systems (IS)
 Access to information, knowledge & resources
influence innovation
 Strong innovation systems promote diversity &
facilitate continuous improvement at individual,
organizational & institutional level in support of
economic and social development
 ST&I capacity building is important for effective
performance of innovation systems focussing on:
Capacity to produce, diffuse, absorb and use new
knowledge
Capacity to acquire, diffuse, absorb and use
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existing knowledge
The Context – Innovation Systems (IS)
 Universities and colleges should be at the forefront
of innovation but are not the only actors in the
innovation system
 Other
system
actors
include:
enterprises,
commodity associations, standard setting bodies,
R&D organizations, extension, training centres,
policy makers and financial service providers
among others
 Innovation Systems approach - framework for
analysis of /understanding innovation
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Knowledge & Learning Theories
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Knowledge & Learning Theories
 New
knowledge is created and needed
throughout the whole economy
 Knowledge is not only created through formal
education/research/science
 Indigenous / traditional knowledge
 Knowledge is gained from experiences (tacit)
 Learning also occurs through
Accessing/using knowledge
 Communicating/internalizing
 Improving practices

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Knowledge & Learning Theories
Capacity to create (or absorb)
knowledge
money
knowledge
Capacity to apply and
exploit knowledge
Pushing the scientific frontier increasingly
difficult  producing new knowledge is
becoming
increasingly
costly,
requiring
collaboration and networking. Life-long learning
skills are also needed
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Changes in Agriculture need
innovation
 Traditional methods
 Technologically driven
 Production mainly for
 Production for food and
immediate consumption
 Few purchased inputs
 Markets close to source of
production
other industries
 Many purchased inputs
 Organized markets and
longer transits
 Over time agriculture has developed strong forward
and backward linkages with industry with roles in
ecosystem services, health and recreation
 Leads to need for new innovation patterns and
processes (more interactions among actors and with
the rest of the economy)
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Innovation Systems Approach
 A conceptual framework for understanding
innovation
 Processes
 Determinants
(e.g. role of knowledge
infrastructure; universities, research labs, IPR
offices, libraries)
 Consequences / outcomes
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Innovation Systems Approach
 Evaluating the innovation system for education
and research in agrobiodiversity
Overview of the sector & the policy environment
Key actor inventory & linkage mapping
Assessment of
performance
habits,
practices,
competencies
and
Assessment of key functions
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Innovation Systems Approach
 Key Characteristics
 Innovation and learning at the centre
 Holistic and interdisciplinary
 Historical perspective
 Differences between systems
 Interdependence and interaction – relationships
 Organizational innovations
 Institutions
 Conceptually diffuse
 Conceptual in nature – not a formal theory
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Innovation Systems Approach –
ASTI Case Studies
Countries
Commodity
Diversification
for
Cameroon
The Gambia
Export
Commodity
under threat
Commodity for Food
Security
Cocoa
Cassava
NERICA rice
Ghana
Plantain
Grenada
Nutmeg
Jamaica
Ginger & Mango
Kenya
Floriculture
Sugar
Malawi
Papua New Guinea
Maize
Rice
Banana
Senegal
Rice
St. Vincent & The
Grenadines
Banana
Tanzania
Samoa & Tuvalu
Banana
Noni
citrifolia)
(Morinda
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Innovation Systems Approach –
ASTI Case Studies
Market / Demand
Banana traders & Consumers
Alele, Green Fresh, Boroko Food World,
University & Army Messes
g
Research & Training:
Diffusion
DAL
Provincial DPIs
City Mission & Hope
Worldwide (NGOs)
FPDA
Enterprises
Small banana growers
PAU (commercial)
Adele & Green Fresh
Boroko Food World, Anderson
Foodland & other supermarkets
(food stores)
Chemica, Farmset, Brian Bell
Boroko Motors
NARI
Trukai Industries
Unitech
Vudal University
JICA
ROC
Infrastructure
DAL, DNPRD,RDB, NAQIA, PNG –IPO, ACIAR,
Communication, transport, Water, Electricity
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Innovation Systems Approach
– ASTI Case Studies
Infrastructure
PNG – Rice
Jamaica ginger
Grenada nutmeg
Tanzania banana
Malawi - maize
Government incentives
for innovation
Weak
Weak
Weak
Weak
Average
Scientific / skilled
manpower
Weak
Average
Weak
Weak
Average
Competence of local
universities
Weak
Weak
Weak
Weak
Average
Competence of R&D org
Average
Average
Weak
Very Weak
Weak
Intellectual Property
Rights
Weak
Weak
Weak
Very Weak
Weak
Venture Capital
Very Weak
Weak
Weak
Very Weak
Weak
Quality of ICT services
Weak
Strong
Average
Weak
Weak
State of Power
Average
Strong
Average
Weak
Weak
State of water supply
Average
Average
Average
Weak
Weak
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Innovation Systems Approach –
ASTI Case Studies
Actor Linkage
Intensity
Jamaica – Ginger &
mango
Cameroon – cassava
& cocoa
Senegal - rice
Public research enterprise
Weak
Average
Average - strong
Public research –
extension/diffusion
Average
Average
Average - strong
University - enterprise
Weak
Weak - Average
None - Weak
National –
international research
Weak - Average
Strong
Strong
Extension / diffusion –
Enterprise
Average
Average
Average - strong
Enterprise - enterprise
Strong
Strong
Very strong
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Innovation Systems Approach Implications for Agricultural Education & Research
 Need
for continuous innovation in
agricultural education and research to meet
the demands of various stakeholders
 Need to be forward thinking – proactive
(pioneering) and responsive (curricula need
enough flexibility to embrace change)
 Create knowledge & build capacity to learn,
think, anticipate, act, innovate
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Conclusions
 Innovation systems approach is relevant to
ACP agriculture (education and research)
 The policy and legislative framework need
to be strengthened to provide the enabling
environment for science and innovation
 Knowledge
institutes need funding for
infrastructural development to contribute to
ST&I capacity building for socio-economic
development
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Thank you/Merci
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