Transcript Morocco - cedare

Fuel
Economy/Consumption
Moroccan Case study
Center for Environment and Development For The Arab region
and Europe.
Fuel Economy/Consumption
 Fuel economy (Miles per Gallon)
 A measure of maximum distance covered by a vehicle
 Fuel consumption (Liter per/ 100 km-Gallons/100
miles)
 Amount of fuel saved in lower ranges of MPG higher than
those in higher ranges
 Consumer convenience
Vehicle Energy Efficiency
 Engine
 Losses (friction &pump)
 Aerodynamics & Tires
 Transmission Terrain
 Balancing shafts
 Bore-to-stroke ratio
 Weight& Fuel
Standards
 European Union
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Entire fleet based on mass of a vehicle
Sliding scale application of standards
Tightening regulations
Overlooking technology
 USA
 First standards: determined solely by production level
 Modified Standards: Size based accounting for sales
levels. Sole reliance on vehicle size
Driving cycle
 Enforcement agency
 Test figures presented by manufacturers
 Cycle based on local conditions: driving patterns and
behavior , road types and elevations levels, etc.
 CAFÉ, NEDC, Japanese and South Korean .
Approach and limitations
 GFEi definition of LDVs
 Sales of new LDVs in the study years. Data obtained
from manufacturers through an automotive markets
consultant
 Official figures for co2 emissions and fuel
economy/consumption are used based on NEDC
 Data was not obtained for 1% of new LDVs.
 Parallel market sales were not obtained
Total Number of Vehicles on the
Road
LDVs sales
Moroccan Macro Indicators
 Motorization rates (Vehicles per 1000 inhabitants): 8184 much higher than Egypt and Moroccan (OICA,
2012)
 Urbanization rate: 57.7 %, considerably higher than
Egypt’s and lower Tunisia’s
 GDP per capita at PPP : more than $6,600 for 20112013 (CIA, 2014)
 Average GDP growth from 1999 to 2014: 4.43
Moroccan Trends Explanation
 Motorization rate correlates with urbanization rate
 Constant increase in total number of vehicles on the road
 New LDVs sales show steady increase
 Rate of increase lower than Egypt’s ?
+
Policy Environment
 VAT ranges between 7 and 20% in two schemes for
imported and domestic cars, lower than Tunisia’s.
 In 2012 customs on European cars were levied. 17.5%
for Asian cars and a lower rate for American one due to
FTA
 Free competition between authorized dealers due to
government strategy of encouraging vehicles
ownership
 Less intense subsidy system
Policy Environment
 Registration fees proportional to horsepower
 Annual taxes for different horsepower ranges on a
sliding scale
 Luxury cars subject to additional taxes function of cost
Fuel economy/Consumption
data
Fuel economy/consumption
data
CO2 Emissions Data
CO2 Emissions data
Trends
 Fuel consumption/economy lower than both OECD and
non-OECD averages of 7-8 Liter/100km levels for 2005,
2008 and 2011 levels.
 Weighted harmonic averages for fuel consumption/economy
for diesel LDVs were always few decimal points above 4
liters/100 km
 LDVs and CO2 emissions data display similar patterns
 Fuel economy/consumption of diesel LDVs is lower than
petrol’s LDVs
 Weighted average co2 emissions for 2009 were
considerably higher than those for 2012 and 2013.
Trends
 Diesel LDVs comprise average passenger cars.
 Weighted average diesel LDVs were higher than
unweight average in 2009
 Weighted average petrol LDVs were lower than
unweight one in 2009
 Trend set on a course of reversal as of 2012
Explanation
 Less intense subsidies, lower diesel pump prices and
gender preferences are raising the levels of fuel
efficiency-consciousness in Morocco. They curb the
impact of slashed tariffs.
 Predominance of European cars thus capitalizing on
increasingly stringent European standards
 Higher weighted average co2 emissions in 2009 due to
the sale of certain models, not sold in 2012 & 2013,
associated with high co2 emissions levels.
 Gender preferences affect the trends.
Needs
Opportunities
 Export orientation sets limits on the introduction of strict local fuel economy
standards.
 Focus on European markets can pull towards more technologically
sophisticated LDVs
 Government support to automotive industry gives some leverage in regulating
the market.
 Investment charter and liberalized LDVs market rule out import restrictions
 A combination of registration fees and vehicles taxations are already in place.
 Increasing democratization, providing venues for a transparent, across-theboard societal dialogue.
Way Forward
 Introduction of weight & engine-sized based criteria into
the vehicle tax system
 Development of policies directed at promoting energyefficient technological attributes.
 Drawing on international expertise in developing the
abovementioned policies.
Way Forward
 Linking policies to attainable fuel consumption savings
in absolute terms
Recommendations
 Establishment of a multi-stakeholder resident
committee to prepare a roadmap for the introduction of
fuel economy standards
 Drawing on international expertise in advising the
committee on preparation and implementation of
standards and import restrictions linked to accruing fuel
savings.