Transcript Egni 3.2 Powerpoint presentation

Thema 3 / Theme 3. Egni Cynaliadwy / Sustainable Energy.
3.2 Sut a pam mae’r galw am egni yn newid?
How and why is the demand for energy changing?
Economaidd / Economic
Cymdeithasol / Social
Technolegol
/ Technological
Wrth i’r byd newid yn economaidd, cymdeithasol ac
yn dechnolegol mae’r galw am am egni yn cynyddu.
As the world changes economically, socially and
technologically the demand for energy increases.
Defnydd rhyngwladol o egni / World energy consumption.
Defnydd o egni / energy consumption.
Energy intensity of individual economies.
The graph shows the ratio between energy usage and GNP for selected
countries
Energy consumption rate per capita versus the GNP per capita The graph plots
the per capita power versus the per capita income for all countries with more than
20 million inhabitants, the data more than 90% of the world's population
Effaith twf economaidd China ar y galw am egni.
Effects of thee economic growth of China on energy consumption.
Despite the economic slowdown in exports and domestic demand in the past year,
China’s demand for energy remains high. China has emerged from being a net oil exporter
in the early 1990s to become the world’s third-largest net importer of oil in 2006. Natural
gas usage in China has also increased rapidly in recent years, and China has looked to
raise natural gas imports via pipeline and liquefied natural gas (LNG). China is also the
world’s largest producer and consumer of coal, an important factor in world energy
markets.
Er y problemau economaidd yn ystod 2007 – 2010 a effeithiodd ar allforion ac
mewnforion China, mae’r galw am egni dal i fod yn uchel. Mae economi Cheina wedi
newid o fod yn un oedd yn allforio olew yn y 90au cyner i fod y 3ydd mewnforiwr mwya o
olew yn y byd erbyn 2006. Mae’r defnydd o nwy naturiol hefyd wedi codi yn ddiweddar
gyda’r wlad yn edrych ar gynlluniau i beipio’r nwy i mewn. China hefyd yw’r cynhyrchwr
a’r defnyddiwr mwyaf o glo yn y byd
Ond pam bod y galw wedi cynyddu?
But why has the demand increased?
In 2003, China accounted for 41 percent of the growth in world oil demand and its oil imports
rose 32 percent, (63) part of an ongoing trend. In the 1993-2003 period, U.S. oil consumption
grew 16 percent, while China's oil consumption grew 105 percent. Unlike the United States,
where petroleum production has declined, oil production in China has climbed over the last 10
years. Nonetheless, this increase in production has not kept pace with the growth in oil
consumption; thus, China's reliance on imported oil is likely to continue to grow.
As China continues the development process, it will likely maintain its shift away from the
production of agricultural goods, deriving a greater share of its GDP from the energy intensive
industrial sector. Increased focus on industry, higher levels of automotive transportation, and an
increase in overall energy use may continue to increase demand for oil. Continuing growth in its
level of oil imports could have an important impact on world prices.
Yn 2003, roedd China yn gyfrifol am 41% o’r twf mewn galw am olew ac fe gododd ei fewnforion
olew 32%. Rhwng 1993 – 2003 fe gododd y defnydd o olew 16% yn yr Unol Daliaethau, ond fe
gododd 105% yn China. Yn ogystal mae China yn cynhyrchu mwy o olew ers y 10 mlynedd
dwytha. Ond nid yw’r twf mewn cynhyrchion yn cyd fynd a’r galw, fellu mae’n edrych y bydd
China yn dod yn ddibynol ar fewnforion.
Wrth i China barhau i ddatblygu bydd eu diwydianau yn newid, gyda mwy o bwyslais sr
ddiwydiant eilaidd, sy’n golygu mwy o alw am egni.
China's automotive industry is driving force behind gasoline consumption
Despite its reliance on foreign imports, the Chinese oil industry continues to grow in order to
provide energy to a developing economy and a growing automobile industry. According to China
Daily, it is probable that oil demand will grow by an annual average of 4.5 percent from 2007 to
2010 and an annual average of 3.3 percent from 2010 to 2020.[62] The relatively large increases
in oil demand are a result of the rising consumption of refined oil products by automotive
drivers in China. Gasoline, kerosene, and diesel are expected to outpace total oil demand over
the next 13 years as Chinese automakers produce more cars. In particular, growth in gasoline
demand is most affected by China’s expanding automotive industry.[63] While gasoline demand
increased 5.7% in 2007, vehicles sales expanded at double-digit rates.[64] As the automotive
industry grows, gasoline has the potential to becoming a larger fraction of the total oil
demanded by China. In 2006, refined oil demand accounted for 47.1% of total demand, but that
percentage is capable of rising to 59.5% by 2020.
China's energy needs are massive and produce many environmental and economic problems
Although China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of coal, the country’s reliance on
coal as an inexpensive form of energy has produced several environmental and economic
problems. According to a report published by MIT, China contains 13% of the world’s proven
reserves, enough coal power to sustain its economic growth for a century. China's proven
reserves are massive, but coal-derived power makes up 83% of China’s annual energy
consumption.The world average is 40%.[According to a report by Greenpeace, the World Wildlife
Fund, and The Energy Foundation, China’s dependence on coal as a cheap source of energy has
numerous environmental, social, and economic costs.The report, entitled The True Cost of Coal,
outlined the impact water pollution, air pollution, and mining accidents had on the Chinese
economy.80% of China’s carbon dioxide emissions come from burning coal. That pollution not
only contaminates the water and air in China, but also is the leading cause of death in China;
more than a million die each year from pollution-related illnesses.The report estimated that the
environmental and social costs associated with the country’s use of coal amounted to RMB1.7
trillion in 2007, approximately 7.1% of China’s GDP for that year.
In response to those studies, Beijing is reforming several of its coal facilities to improve safety,
quality and efficiency. The Chinese government also plans to modernize its electric grid and coal
transportation railways.[Of the country’s $585 billion stimulus package, $14.6 billion has been
set aside for the implementation of ultrahigh voltage power networks.[However, the
government plans to maintain investments of $43.86 billion in 2009 to increase powergeneration capacity.
Additionally, the operation and construction of the Three Gorges Dam illustrates the difficulties
that arise from major construction projects in China. The Three Gorges Dam, which holds 10
world records, is the world’s biggest dam, power plant, and consumer of dirt, stone, concrete,
and steel.[With maximum power capacity of 22,500 MW, the Three Gorges Dam is the anchor of
the Chinese hydroelectric system, which included 12 hydropower mega-bases on the Yangtze
River as of 2007. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam displaced 1.13 million people, and
polluted the drinking water in many areas of China.[Although major construction on the dam
has ended, pollution from the dam continues to endanger drinking water.
China’s Total Primary Energy Consumption, 1970–2020
Defnydd o egni yn China, 1970-2020
China’s Demand for Oil Imports / Galw am olew.