Transcript Klaus Spiekermann, TRACC

TRACC
TRansport ACCessibility at Regional/Local Scale
and Patterns in Europe
ESPON 2013 Programme
Internal Seminar
Crossing Knowledge Frontiers – Serving the Territories
17-18 November 2010
Liège, Belgium
TPG
1.
Spiekermann & Wegener, Urban and Regional Research (S&W),
Dortmund, Germany (Lead Partner)
2.
Charles University in Prague, Department of Social Geography and
Regional Development, Prague, Czech Republic
3.
RRG Spatial Planning and Geoinformation, Oldenburg, Germany
4.
Mcrit, Barcelona, Spain
5.
University of Oulu, Department of Geography, Oulu, Finland
6.
TRT Trasporti e Territorio, Milan, Italy
7.
S. Leszczycki Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Accessibility
•
main 'product' of a transport system
•
determines the locational advantage of an area (i.e. in ESPON a
region, a city or a corridor) relative to all areas (including itself)
•
indicators of accessibility measure the benefits households and
firms in an area enjoy from the existence and use of the transport
infrastructure relevant for their area.

The important role of transport infrastructure (i.e. networks and
transport services) for spatial development in its most simplified
form implies that areas with better access to the locations of input
materials and markets will, ceteris paribus, be more productive,
more competitive and hence more successful than more remote
and isolated areas.
Key policy questions
•
What are the differences between accessibility at three different
levels (regional, European and global) considering the four modes
road, rail, water and air?
•
What is the link between accessibility at the different levels and
for different modes of European regions and their economic
development? How has this link changed over time? Does the
strength of this link differ across the EU?
•
What could be the territorial impact of rising energy prices on
the future developments of road, rail, water and air transport?
•
What could be the impact of various transport scenarios on
climate change, access patterns and economic development?
Main objectives
•
to take up and update the results of existing studies on
accessibility at the European scale using most recent available
network and socio-economic data,
•
to extend the range of accessibility indicators by further indicators
responding to new policy questions and further developing the
quality and validity of the existing indicators,
•
to extend the spatial resolution of accessibility indicators by
calculating, besides European accessibility, also global and
regional accessibility,
•
to explore the likely impacts of available policies at the European
and national scale to improve global, European and regional
accessibility in the light of new challenges, such as globalisation,
energy scarcity and climate change.
Conceptual framework
based on
Dimensions of accessibility:
Origins, destinations, impedance, constraints,
barriers, types of transport, modes, spatial scale, equity, dynamics
Generic accessibility indicators:
Ai   g (W j ) f (cij )
j
Activities
Impedance
Work Packages and Tasks
Methodological dimension
•
Overview on state of the art of accessibility research from the
global to the local scale.
•
Overview on assessing impacts of accessibility improvements on
regional development, energy consumption and greenhouse gas
emission by transport.
•
Proposal for a core set of accessibility indicators.

Continuity and innovation
Data dimension
•
Review of available network data at European and regional scale
•
Review of available socio-economic data at European and
regional scale
•
Network and socio-economic datasets customised for all
accessibiltiy and impact modelling at all scales addressed.
•
Geographical coverage: ESPON space, EU candidate countries
and other countries of the Western Balkans.
RRG Road
Database
RRG Rail
Database
European (and global) travel dimension
•
Update of potential accessibility indicators (road, rail, air,
multimodal) to 2011 plus dissaggregate approach.
•
Other and innovative types of accessibility indicators.
•
Global accessibility indicators to destinations outside Europe by
air and road/rail to Asia
Potential
accessibility
rail 2001
(EU27+2=100)
13
Potential
accessibility
multimodal 2001
(EU27+2=100)
14
How to look
at changes?
Accessibility, rail
Relative change
2001-2006
(in percent)
How to look
at changes?
Accessibility, rail
Absolute change
2001-2006
(EU27 average
2006 = 100)
How to look
at changes?
Change
of index
(EU27 = 100)
Urban connectivity (3/5 hours)
Road
Air
European (and global) freight dimension
•
Standard European freight accessibility indicators for selected
commodities by road, rail, water, air.
•
Other and innovative types of freight accessibility indicators.
•
Global accessibility indicators to destinations outside Europe by
air and sea and selected road/rail to Asia.
Regional dimension
•
Typology of regional/local accessibility patterns in different
types of regions.
•
Set of regional case studies with harmonised analyses of
regional/local accessibility.
•
European-wide regional accessibility indicators.
•
Comparison of regional and European accessibility indicators.

"For the daily life of citizens regional/local accessibility may be
more importany than global or European accessibility”
Selected
macro
regions
Regional dimension
for case
studies
•
Typology of regional/local accessibility patterns in different
types of regions.
•
Set of regional case studies with harmonised analyses of
regional/local accessibility.
•
European-wide regional accessibility indicators.
•
Comparison of regional and European accessibility indicators.
Road accessibility to
transport terminals
(Mcrit)
Impact dimension
•
Analysis of the relationship between accessibility and economic
development and environmental indicators over time.
•
Consistent set of long-term scenarios of European transport.
•
Likely spatial impacts of European transport scenarios up to the
year 2030 (regional accessibility, regional economic development,
territorial cohesion, poliycentricity, environmental impacts).
Accessibility v. GDP/capita
Accessibility v.
GDP/capita
TEN-T priority
projects
SASI
model
Transport
policy
Production
function
Accessibility
Migration
function
GDP
Income
Population
Employment
Unemployment
Labour
force
Accessibility road/rail/air travel
Scenario AS1
000 v. 000
2021
Reference
Brenner
tunnel
Scenario
effect
Strasbourg 
Wien 
München 
 Zürich
 Bolzano
 Trento
 Lyon
 Milano
 Torino
 Ljubljana
 Venezia
GDP
per capita
(EU27+2
Accessibility
Erreichbarkeit
road
Straße/Schiene
freight= 100)
Scenario
AS1 v. 000
Güter
2021
Szenario AS1 v. 000
Brenner
tunnel Brennertunneleffekt
effect
2021
Strasbourg 
Wien 
München 
 Zürich
 Bolzano
 Trento
 Lyon
 Milano
 Torino
 Ljubljana
 Venezia
Accessibility road/rail/air (mio)
Energy price scenarios: accessibility road/rail/air (million)
Scenario A1
GDP per capita
Difference from
Scenario A-1
2031 (%)
86420-2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -
33
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
Policy dimension
•
Summary of project findings in relation to the goals of the
European Union (competitiveness, territorial cohesion and
environmental sustainability) for different types of regions.
•
Evaluation of policy instruments to maintain and improve regional
accessibility and to draw as much benefit for regional development
with smallest possible negative implications.
•
Avenues for further applied research on the theme of
accessibility at global, European and regional scale.
Reporting
Inception Report
July 2010 (available at www.espon.eu)
Interim Report
January 2011
Draft Final Report
January 2012
Final Report
May 2012