Transcript Research Enterprise:Value for National Development

Research Enterprise: Value for
National Development
Gbemisola Oke
[email protected]
Definition of ENTERPRISE
• 1: a project or undertaking that is especially difficult,
complicated, or risky
• 2: readiness to engage in daring or difficult
action : showed great enterprise in dealing with the
crisis
• 3a : a unit of economic organization or
activity; especially : a business organization
• b : a systematic purposeful activity e.g : agriculture is
the main economic enterprise among these people
Why are we here? –
Why does UI Exist?
Vision:
To be a World-Class
Institution for
Academic
Excellence geared
towards Societal
needs
What do World-Class Institutions do? eg
• “The modern research university has a dual mission:
• to educate its students
• and to discover new knowledge through scholarship.
• These two missions enhance and inform one another:
students at a research university in many instances are
taught by the discoverers of the information..
• and the classroom’s free exchange of ideas can help
sharpen research.”
• NYU
The quality of the research enterprise is what truly distinguishes
a great university…… eg
• permitting it to draw in the most talented scholars and the top
students. NYU’s faculty are at the forefront of their scholarly
disciplines,
• and their research helps shape the understanding of an enormous
range of academic fields: from the mathematical sciences to
economics, from philosophy to neural science, from art history to
sociology.
• In recognition of the quality of this research, NYU received
approximately $200 million in government funds in 2008.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
eg
• through its Lean Advancement Initiative (LAI) research team
has been conducting research in enterprise-level
transformations in large complex sociotechnical enterprises
since its inception in 1993.
• The focus of this research has been aimed at determining
effective strategies for successful enterprise transformation.
Additionally, enterprise transformation and architecting is
being pursued
• Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Division, MIT, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Room 33-312, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 2
Department of Pediatrics at the University of Utah eg
dedicated to research to improve the health and well-being of children
at all life stages. Our researchers and clinicians conduct a broad range
of research to advance this goal. The goal is the bench-to-bedside
translation of T0 to T4 research.
• They study basic cellular and genetic mechanisms of health and
disease; environmental and social factors impacting health; the
economics and implementation of care; epidemiology of diseases;
trials of new therapies and approaches; and direct care for children.
• The Research Enterprise in the Department of Pediatrics oversees and
coordinates research; manages clinical trials; offers research support
services; and conducts research education, to promote and assist
pediatric research and extramural funding.
Research and development (R&D)
•It comprises creative work undertaken
on a systematic basis in order to
increase the stock of human knowledge
•and to devise new applications based
upon them
Types of Research
• Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken
primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundation of
phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application
or use in view.
• Applied research is also original investigation undertaken in order to
acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a
specific practical aim or objective.
• Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on existing
knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience, which is
directed to producing new materials, products or devices, to installing
new processes, systems and services, or to improving substantially
those already produced or installed.
“……holistic understanding of the research
enterprise…..
• ……as a complex, dynamic system”.
• This understanding illuminates why America's
research enterprise has historically been so
successful; where attention should be focused to
increase the societal benefits of research
investments.
Research Spending as % of GDP
Country
2011
2012
2013
Argentina
Australia
0.52
2.25
0.5
-
Austria
Azerbaijan
2.68
0.21
2.81
0.22
2.81
0.21
Belgium
Botswana
2.15
-
2.24
0.25
2.28
-
Brazil
Cameroon
1.14
-
1.15
-
China
Cote d Ívoire
1.79
-
1.93
-
Czech Republic
Denmark
1.56
2.97
Egypt
Finland
2014
2011
2012
2013
2014
Ghana
Greece
0.67
0.69
0.8
-
Hong Kong
India
0.72
0.82
0.73
-
-
-
Israel
Italy
4.10
1.21
4.25
1.27
4.21
1.26
Japan
Korea
3.38
3.74
3.34
4.03
3.47
4.15
2.01
-
Nigeria
Singapore
2.15
2.00
-
1.79
3.02
1.91
3.06
South Africa
Sweden
0.73
3.22
0.73
3.28
3.30
0.53
3.64
0.54
3.42
0.68
3.31
Switzerland
Turkey
0.86
2.96
0.92
0.94
France
2.19
2.23
2.23
UK
1.69
1.63
1.63
Germany
2.80
2.88
2.85
USA
2.77
2.81
-
2.83
• Israel and Korea are the biggest spenders on R&D at
4.21% and 4.15% of GDP respectively. Japan, Finland
and Sweden complete the top 5.
• Germany and the United States have similar levels of
R&D investment at just under 3%, and while China has
built its economy making products designed and
developed overseas, its research spend is rapidly
catching up at 2% of GDP.
• Of the OECD member nations, Chile spends the least
on R&D at 0.36%, with Romania and Mexico only
slightly ahead.
• OECD – Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development since 1961 34 developed
nations
Global research system expanding
• Total, world research and development expenditure in 2012 =
US$1.4 trillion, about 80% is attributable to 10 countries.
• The OECD would account for 70% of world research expenditure
• OECD spending reaching over US$1.1 trillion in 2012.
• BRICS bloc [Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa] spent an
additional US$330 billion,”
Top-spending America at around US$454 billion that year.
• China was the second largest R&D spender in 2012, allocating
US$294 billion
Why do nations invest
in Research?
New knowledge and new technologies
• Governments, businesses, and philanthropic organizations around the
world recognized:
• that knowledge and new technologies can pay rich
economic and social dividends.
• These investments dramatic influence on human life.
• Science and technology have
• raised living standards,
• improved health, and
• augmented the ability of people to access information and communicate with
each other.
A shift to Universities…….
•
Since 2002, the growth of the science base in the
United States and the European Union has been
driven by universities, which have seen a robust
increase in their expenditures. Over time, there has
also been a shift towards university-based research
across the OECD,”
“In China, the growth of scientific activity has been
driven by public research institutes, in particular by
large investments by the Chinese Academy of
Sciences.
•The US is home to 35 of
the world’s top 50
universities and accounts
for 26% of world articles in
science and engineering.
This pattern is changing!
Emerging economies are rapidly expanding their higher education
systems.
in 2011 the BRICS granted more than 7.3 million university degrees,
compared with 8.5 million in the OECD area.
Russia trained more engineers than the United States, while Indonesia
trained more engineers than Germany.
“Chinese universities awarded over 27,000 doctorates in science and
engineering in 2011, possibly more than their American counterparts
(24,792). The doctoral graduation rate in all disciplines in China (2.2%)
is now equivalent to that of Denmark (2.2%) and Austria (2.1%),”
Richard F. Celeste, Ann Griswold, and Miron L. Straf, Editors; Committee on Assessing the Value of
Research in Advancing National Goals; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education;
National Research Council
•Discoveries from scientific research
have extended our understanding of
the physical and natural world, the
cosmos, society, and of humans - their
minds, bodies, and economic and
other social interactions.
Through these discoveries…
science has enabled longer and
healthier lives,
•provided for a better-educated citizenry,
•enhanced the national economy, and
strengthened America's position in the
global economy.
•
IDEAL SITUATION - ON STI ELEMENTS
POSSIBILITIES AND APPLICATIONS (D)
TECHNOLOGY
FACTS AND FIGURES (R)
SCIENCE
SOLUTIONS AND PRODUCTS
INNOVATION
CONVERGENCE- STI MATRIX
POSSIBILITIES AND APPLICATIONS (D)
R&D
T
ST
STI
S
FACTS AND FIGURES (R)
SI
TI
I
SOLUTIONS AND PRODUCTS
THIS IS THE SWEET SPOT
INNOVATIVE ECONOMIES
Degree of innovativeness
Innovators
USA, Japan, Israel, UK?
Germany, etc
Adopters
China
Users
e.g Nigeria lacks the
engineers, the
scientists
Translating Research into Innovation
Country
Taiwan
Thailand
Number of Publications
Number of International
Patents
10,841
36,538
1,249
59
ALL innovation including SOCIAL INNOVATION
Only 0.07% of Global Patent Applications from Africa
2008 World competitiveness Yearbook
Translating Research into Innovation
Country
Taiwan
Thailand
Number of Publications
10,841
1,249
Number of International
Patents
36,538
59
ALL innovation including SOCIAL INNOVATION
Only 0.07% of Global Patent Applications from Africa
2008 World competitiveness Yearbook
Patenting as one indicator of innovation
Top 10
Innovators
Top 20
Innovators
13 % of
World’s
Population
<15% of
world’s
population
69% of
World’s
GNP
77% of
World’s
GNP
94% of USA
Patents
99% of all USA
Patents
U.S. Patent and Trademark office
In Year 2000 Alone!
Country
Number of Patents
Received
Intensity of Innovation
USA
85,072
309 patents per million
Japan
31,296
247 patents per million
Germany
10,234
124 patents per million
Israel
783
135 per million people
Korea
3,314
70 patents per million
REALITIES - Nigeria
• POPULATION (180 MILLION)
• POVERTY (60 – 70%)
• WEAK PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
• POLITY/GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES
• WEAK THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
• WEAK “LOCAL” INDUSTRIES
• UNEMPLOYMENT
• CRIME
• ETC
Classroom Setting- Familiar Sight!
To contribute to the
transformation of
society through
creativity and
Innovation
STI INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE – May 2015
• 140 Universities- 42 Fed, 44 States, ? Private
• 98 COE,
• 125 Polytechnics,
• Over 300 Research Institutions, Industries ?)
• PhDs?, Engineers?, Doctors?, Architects?,
Diaspora ?,
• Labs?, Workshops?, Libraries?
AAU – in 2012
-Commissioned a research titled “Strengthening
UniversityIndustry Linkages in Africa: A Study of Institutional
Capacities and Gaps”.
-most research in Africa is conducted
at universities, placing these
institutions at the centre of their
national innovation systems.
Yet……
• . ….across much of Africa, universities have
minimal linkages with the productive sector at
every level, from big industry, to agricultural
producers, to medium-and-small scale
enterprises.
• Relatively few African universities have and
manage technology incubators or science parks at
their institutions.
Researcher- Industry Trust
• When industries and corporate sees that
research institutions can boost their productivity
they are likely to set aside more money for
commissioning universities to conduct
researches, hence more funding for universities
University-industry partnerships
• In the field of science and technology are complex
• Informal mechanisms,
• publication of research results,
• employee mobility
• informal exchanges between scientists
• Formal contractual mechanisms
• universities and industries enter into formal relations in the field of
scientific and technological research and development.
• may imply the transfer of technology developed within universities,
• consultancies and transfer of know-how,
• collaborative research projects, sponsored research or other similar
arrangements.
The protection and licensing of intellectual property rights is here identified as one
possible mechanism for the transfer of technology
By the Way!
Responsible Conduct in the Global Research
Enterprise
• Research has become so important to society
that protection of its core values and norms is
critical
• Many national and international organizations
have issued statements that describe the basic
responsibilities and obligations of
researchers.
Ethical Conduct in Research
• Protection of human research subjects
• Nonhuman laboratory animals.
• Many countries have adopted such laws in
reaction to widely publicized examples of
wrongdoing, such as the human experiments
undertaken by the Nazis, the Tuskegee syphilis
study of the U.S. Public Health Service, and
incidents
The Changing Face of Science
•Interdisciplinary research has become
increasingly important and has contributed
to major advances
•For example, disciplines may have very
different conventions for determining the
order of authors listed on a publication. If
these differences are not acknowledged and
dealt with upfront, disagreements may
surface later.
Influencing
Our Society
To contribute to
the
transformation of
society through
creativity and
Innovation
STORAGE
Bring
Technology to
bear
UI –IP Policy and Activities
Total Patents Attracted
• Much more than these.
• Derived from International linkages
• Research funding on various projects
• In the region of 100s of Million USD
• On malaria, HIV/AIDS, Drugs etc
• Patents belong to funders!
Commercialization Platform
• Hardly in existence!
• Policy
• Venture Capital
• University – Industry Linkage
• Enforcement
Challenges
• Orientation
• Policy
• Incentive – Reward System – “Publish or
Perish”
• Commercialization Platform
•
•
•
•
Policy
Venture Capital
University – Industry Linkage
Enforcement
7-PRODUCTS AGENDA – 2011-2018
1. AGRO INPUTS (Neem Oil and Fertliser)
2. FOOD (BIO-RESOURCES) – grass cutter, mushroom, snails,
rabbits
3. BASIC SCIENCE EDUCATION (kits, phone,
4. HEALTH (Nicosan, EATset)
5. ICT Innovations
6. SPORTS (football, boots, electronics, foods)
7. BUILDINGS (Rural housing)
UNI-IBADAN IPTTO LAUNCH 2011
SMART FARMS
If truly UI is for research, Why non-researchers?
•One Vision,
•One Mission,
•All Hands!