Transcript Unit Four

Economy
Part I Skill Focus- Interpreting Figures
Part II Practice
Part I Skill Focus
数字在英汉两种语言中的读法
1. 英语中,三位一个计数节,eg:
1, 234, 567, 890
1billion234million567thousand890
2.汉语中,四位一个计数节,eg:
12, 3456, 7890
12亿3456万7890
ten thousand
Hundred thousand
Million
Ten million
Hundred million
Billion
万
十万
百万
千万
亿
十亿
大数字的准确传译:
1 英译汉
对记录下的数字从右到左,四位标注一个基数
节,然后从大到小按“万亿”、“亿”、“万”
的顺序读出。如:
1, 2345,6789, 0123
读作:1万2345亿6789万0123
2. 汉译英
对记录下的数字从右到左,三位标注一个基数
节,然后从大到小按trillion,billion,million和
thousand的顺序读出。
1,234,567,890,123
读作:
1trillion234billion567million890thousand123
汉译英的过程中处理超过百万的数字,最好把
它们转换成小数。Eg: 123万可以做成
1.23million
练习:
435, 234, 789, 409
680, 498, 238, 762
36, 389, 478, 498
5, 987, 378, 289
762, 489, 309
467万3984亿5793万9830
872万3452亿7543万6542
68万2340亿7532万8509
6万3780亿7639万8293
7393亿7402万0973
数字记录难点:
中间含有0的长列数字,如:
A. 英译汉
4,021,907,650,301
记录中,听到“trillion, billion, million, thousand”
时,即下标逗点表示:
4,21,907,650,301
然后,关键的一步——逗点之间不足三位的在左边
加0,即还原成:
4,021,907,650,301
然后,按四位标注,用汉语读出:
4’0219’0765’0301
四万零二百一十九亿七百六十五万三百零一
B.汉译英
4’0219’0765’0301 原语读作:
四万零二百一十九亿七百六十五万三百零一
记录中,听到“万亿、亿、万”时,即上标逗点表
示:
4’219’765’301
然后,关键的一步——逗点之间不足四位的在左边
加0,即还原成:
4’0219’0765’0301
按三位标注,用英语读出:
4,021,907,605,301
Four trillion/ twenty one billion/ nine hundred and
seven million/ six hundred and fifty thousand/ three
hundred and one
基数词
-teen
-ty
’four’teen ’forty /ti/Brit.; /di/Am.
Britain: 用and连接百位和个位
American: 不用and连接百位和个位
Eg: 101
123
12,345
123,456
在以one开头的大数字中,尤其是在不那么正
式或者不需要特别精确的情况下,常用不定冠
词a (或an)来替代one。如:
He’s collected over a thousand stamps.
在非正式的用法中,thousand甚至可以用
hundred来表示。1,100、1,200、1,300
纪年
982
1902 nineteen o two
1982 nineteen (hundred)eighty-two
2000
2007 twenty o seven
Decade
In the 1980s
In the early/mid/late 1980s
Century / Millennium
时间:
7:20
7:40
past and to
after and before (sometimes in Am. Eng)
一刻、半点或45分
quarter,half and three quarters
half seven(half past seven)in Brit. Eng
电话号码和长数字
Eg:
618792543 618-792-543
两位相邻的数字一样
61882543 61-double8-25-43
三位相邻的数字一样
67111553 67-1 double 1-double 5-3
或:67-triple 1—double 5-3
其它长数字:
NE28 6QD
NE(Newcastle), 28是地区代码,6QD是街道代码。
OX1 2AD
价格:$5.23 five(dollars) twenty-three (cents)
£5.23 five (pounds) twenty-three (pence)
温度: minus five
比分:six-three 6:3
three-nil 3:0
英语里,一些具有特定意义的基数词,也可以用集
合数词来表达。在口译过程中,不但要注意它们的
具体数值,也要注意到,有时它们在汉语中是可以
找到对等词的:
a couple of=2
一对,一双
a/one dozen=12
一打
half a dozen/ a half dozen 半打
two dozen=24
两打
a/one score=20
十双(中文中不常见)
a/one gross=144=12dozen 一罗(十二打)
(《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(Oxford Advanced
Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary)和《朗文当代
高级英语词典》(Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English)).
带有基数数字的成语和俗语,可以分为下面几
种情况来处理:
1.等值翻译
三三两两
in twos and threes
三位一体
three in one; trinity
一见钟情
love at first sight
a drop in the ocean
沧海一粟
within a stone’s throw 一步之遥
two birds one stone
一箭双雕
2. 不等值翻译
三五成群
in threes and fours
乱七八糟
at sixes and sevens
on second thoughts
再三考虑
Two heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠,胜过一个诸葛亮。
Once bitten, twice shy.
一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。
3. 不必译出
一而再,再而三
七零八落
三寸不烂之舌
ten to one
second to none
sixth sense
again and again; repeatedly
scattered here and there
(have) a silver tongue
多半,很可能
名列前茅
直觉
常用约数的表达方法:
some, a few, several, a number of, a handful
more than ten, no more than twenty
dozens of
hundreds of
thousands of
hundreds of thousands of
hundreds of millions of
其它与“大约”、“大概”等概念相关的短语
还有:
1.约、大约、大概、来、左右……
about,around, roughly, approximately, some,
more or less, in the neighborhood of, or so, or
thereabout, in the rough
2. 少于、低于、不到、不及、不足、以下……
Fewer than, less than, under, below, within
3.近、快、将近、几乎、差不多、差一点儿、差
一点儿不到……
nearly, almost, toward, close on
4. 多于、大于、高于、超过、多、以上……
more than, over, above, upwards of, and more,
odd, and odd
5. 到、至、介于……之间
from …to …,(anywhere) between …and …
(二) 序数词
对于编号的事物,有时仍用基数词来表示,如
No.1,读作number one;第5号房间,应译作
Room Five 。
在口译中,我们最有可能遇到序数词的情况是
排名的表达,如综合国力、体育赛事等。“排
名第几”常常用不带定冠词the的序数词来表达,
方法主要有:
1. be + 序数词。
Eg: We’re now 4th in the English Premier League
and that’s OK by me.
2. 既可以用动词rank的主动语态,也可以用它的
被动语态:
to rank + 序数词
例:In the Sydney Olympic Games in October 2000,
China won 28 gold medals and ranked third on the
medal tally.
be ranked + 序数词
例:Australia has been ranked fourth in a list of 21
wealthy nations for its efforts to help development
in poor countries.
to come + 序数词
例:WEF economic experts said Denmark, which
came third in the survey last year …
4. to finish + 序数词。在这种表达方式后,通常
可以用介词to表示负于谁。
例:Richard finished second in the World Athletic
Final 2,000 last week to her compatriot Allyson
Felix…
» 序数词
» 分数
½ a/one half
1/3 a/one third
¼ a/one quarter
1/6 a/one sixth
1/8 a/one eighth
2/3
3/4
5/6
7/8
复杂分数:20/75 twenty over seventy-five
4/123 four over one hundred and twenty-three
four over one-two-three
5 1/3 five and a third
16 7/8 sixteen and seven eighths
小数
小数点读作point,小数点后的数字逐一读出。数
字零有两种表达方式,nought (Brit)和zero
(Am.);在小数点后,读作O。小于1的小数,可
以省略小数点前的nought或zero。
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.12
123.123
» 百分数
25%
5.08%
five point 0 eight percent
76.32%
seventy-six point three two percent
构成百分比的表达方式:
… accounts for X% of the total
… constituents X% of the total
… makes up X% of the total of
… comprises X% of the members of
… forms/is X% of the total
percentage point (百分点) 为统计学术语,用于
两个百分率之间的比较。如:
There were 85.07 million illiterates. The
proportion has dropped from 15.88% in 1999 to
6.72%, or down by 9.16 percentage point.
口译中,倍数的处理问题:
1. CO2 output from shipping is as twice as much
as airlines.
2. CO2 output from shipping is twice more than
airlines.
“航运过程中排出的二氧化碳是空运的两倍。”
“航运过程中排出的二氧化碳比空运多两倍。”
1. 两倍
twice as …as, twice the number/size/length … of;
double, to double;
to increase by 100%
例句:
(汉语中常见的表达方式)
2007年的产量是2005年的两倍。
2007年的产量比2005年增加了一倍。
2007年的产量比2005年翻了一番。
2. (英语中常见的表达法)
The output in 2007 is twice as much as 2005.
The output in 2007 is twice the amount of 2005.
The output in 2007 is double 2005.
The output in 2007 has doubled, compared with
2005.
The output in 2007 has increased by 100% over
2005.
2. 三倍
thrice(少用)/three times as…as…, thrice/ three
times the number of; triple/treble, to triple/treble
例句:
(汉语中常见的表达法)
8月份的用电量环比增加了两倍。
8月份的用电量是7月份的三倍。
(英文中常见的表达法)
The consumption of electricity in August
increased by 200% over last month.
The consumption of electricity in August tripled
that of July.
3. 四倍
four times/fourfold;
quadruple, to quadruple;
to increase by 300%
例句:
(汉语中常见的表达法)
2008年,我国的国民生产总值将是1980年的四
倍。
2008年,我国的国民生产总值将在1980年的基
础上翻两倍。
2008年,我国的国民生产总值将比1980年增加
三倍。
(英语中常见的表达法)
By 2008,our GDP will have been four
times/fourfold as much as it was in 1980.
By 2008, our GDP in 1980 will have been
quadrupled.
By 2008, our GDP will have increased by 300%
over 1980.
4.四倍以上类推
(英语中常见的表达法)
Bharti predicts an 8-fold increase in organized
retail in 8 years.
Market for Online Video to Increase 10-fold by
2010.
We plan to increase our market share in Korea by
20-fold through aggressive marketing campaigns.
上升趋势
rise (v&n)
Increase (v&n)
to grow (growth)
to ascend
to augment
climb (v&n)
to mount
to go up
to level up
to edge up
to creep up
to pick up
下降趋势
fall (v&n)
decrease (v&n)
drop (v&n)
decline (v&n)
to descend
to shrink
to reduce(reduction)
to shorten
to lessen
to slide
to level down
to creep down
to diminish
to go down
to edge down
to slip back
迅速上升趋势
jump (v&n)
soar (v&n)
to surge
to skyrocket (informal)
to rocket
to leap
to shoot
迅速下降趋势
collapse (v&n)
to slump
to crash
to plummet
to plunge
对最高点的描述
对最低点的描述
to reach the top/the
peak/ the climax/the
highest point/ the
summit/the most…
a new record
to get to
to ascend to
to climb up to
to increase to
to top
to peak
to mount to
less
least
to drop to the bottom
to reach the rock bottom
to bottom out
对上升到某个位置的描述
对下降到某个位置的描述
动词+ to +具体数据
动词+ to + the peak of +
具体数据
动词+ reaching the peak
of + 具体数据
动词+reaching + 具体数
据
to peak at + 具体数据
to climb to + 具体数据
动词 + to + 具体数据
动词 + to + the bottom of
+ 具体数据
动词 + reaching the
bottom of + 具体数据
动词 + reaching + 具体数
据
对于上升程度的描述
对于下降程度的描述
动词 + by + 具体数据
动词 + 副词
动词 + by + 具体数据
动词 + 副词
当数字变化趋势不明显或趋于平稳时,可以用以下
表达方式:
to stabilize
to remain/be/become/stay/maintain/keep +
constant/stable/steady/unchanged/fixed
the same as/ similar to/ identical to/ equal to
to level out/off
to be even
to stand/stay at
to hardly change
to have little change
数字变化趋势存在波动时,可以用以下表达方
式:
to fluctuate (fluctuation)
to rise and fall (rise and fall)
to be instable
to undulate
to experience up(s) and down(s)
2. 修饰数据的常见表达法(Modification of
Expressions)
considerably
dramatically
significantly
sharply
substantially
suddenly
rapidly
steeply
far
much
steadily
gradually
slowly
stably
a little
slightly
somewhat
marginally
例句:
X fell sharply whereas/while Y remained steady.
X fell quickly compared to Y.
Unlike Y, X rose by 10%.
X rose far more dramatically than Y.
数字的组合性描述,嵌入时间
in, from…to…,between…and…,during…and…,at the start
of…,by the end of…,over…,at the end of…,
throughout…
在嵌入时间和程度后,我们可以用下列句型来表达上
升和下降趋势。
1.先上升后下降
…increased slowly during…and…but fell sharply in…
A steady fall in…following the sharp increase in…
2.先下降后上升
…fell before…began to make a recovery…
…continued the recovery, climbing to…
…dropped during…but increased again in …
…fell and then picked up during…
…collapsed before rising to…at the end of…
3. 剧烈波动
…fluctuate sharply all through…
4.波动不大
…hardly changed through the period between …
and …
图表(Diagrams)
1.常见的图表类型:table, chart(饼形图 pie chart,
柱状图column/bar chart,线性图line chart),
diagram,graph(line graph,curve graph),
wedge等。
2.数轴:X axis,Y axis,point(坐标)。
3.solid line (实线),broken line(虚线),dotted
line (点线),shaded area (阴影部分)。
4. 表示图表“内容”或“信息”的词汇:
information,data,statistics,figures,numbers,
percentage,proportion,rate,height等。
5.图表中表示“描述”、“展示”一词含义的词汇:
show,reveal,display,exhibit,illustrate,depict,
demonstrate,tell,present,report,state,
describe, can be seen from,represent等。
Practice:
1.胡锦涛主席在北京《财富》全球论坛开幕式上的讲话
帕森斯(人名)
《财富》全球论坛
时代华纳集团
国家外汇储备
综合国力
万众一心
小康社会
健全民主
繁荣文化
生活更加殷实
合作共赢
知识产权保护
Parsons
FORTUNE Global Forum
Time Warner Inc.
Foreign exchange reserve
overall national strength
be of one mind
a moderately prosperous society
improve democracy
enrich culture
upgrade the texture of life
cooperation within win-win results
protection of intellectual property rights
2. EU-China relationship
the European Union
European Community
European Economic Community
Luxembourg
Cyprus (Greek part)
the Czech Republic
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
Slovakia
Slovenia
total volume of the economy
欧洲联盟
欧洲共同体
欧洲经济共同体
卢森堡
塞浦路斯(希族部分)
杰克共和国
爱沙尼亚
匈牙利
拉脱维亚
立陶宛
马耳他
斯洛伐克
斯洛文尼亚
经济总量