Transcript native americans and economies pptx

Main Idea 1:
Climate changes allowed people to
migrate to the Americas.
1
• Paleo-Indians crossed the Bering Land
Bridge from Asia to present-day Alaska during
the last ice age between 38,000 and 10,000 BC.
• This movement of peoples from one region to
another is called migration.
• Paleo-Indians and their descendants moved into
present-day Canada, the United States, Mexico,
and South America.
2
2
In what general
direction did
early people
migrate?
3
How did climate
change affect
early
peoples’
migrations?
4
How did warmer
climates at
the end of
the Ice Age
affect the
Americas?
5
What natural
features
affected the
route people
took from
Alaska to
southern
North
America?
In what general direction did
early people migrate?
•
South and East
2
How did climate change
affect early peoples’
migrations?
•
Land bridge exposed,
different food
sources
3
How did warmer climates at
the end of the Ice Age
affect the Americas?
•
Created new
environments that
supported herds of
smaller animals that
Paleo-Indians hunted
What natural features
affected the route people
took from Alaska to
southern North America?
•
Glaciers, moutains,
rivers
4
5
Climate Affects Early Peoples
• Early peoples in the Americas were huntergatherers, who hunted animals and gathered
wild plants.
• Barter: trading one product for another
6
• The warming climate created new
environments: climates and landscapes that
surround living things.
• Different environments influenced the
development of Native American societies:
groups that share a common culture.
• Culture is a group’s common values and
traditions.
7
Main Idea 2:
Early societies existed in Mesoamerica
and South America.
7
• Developed around 1200 BC in Mesoamerica
• Known for use of stone in architecture and built
the first pyramids in the Americas
Olmec
• Civilization ended around 400 BC
8
Maya
• Developed after the Olmec
• By AD 200, were building large cities
• Created great pyramids, temples, palaces, and
bridges
• Civilization ended around AD 900
What were some of the major accomplishments
of the Mayas?
8
What were some of the major accomplishments of the
Mayas?
• Built stone temples, palaces, bridges, large plazas,
and canals to control water flow
8
Aztec and Inca
9
Aztec
• Conquered central Mexico
• Founded capital city, Tenochtitlán in AD 1325. It
became the greatest city in the Americas and
one of the world’s largest cities
• By the early 1500s, they ruled the most powerful
state in Mesoamerica
10 •
Inca
Began as a small tribe in the Andes Mountains in
South America
• Capital city was Cuzco
• By the 1500s, the empire stretched along much
of the western South American coast
• Known for a strong central government, their
architecture, and their art
Which early
civilization
11 was located in
Mesoamerica?
Compare the
Inca Empire’s
12 region to that
of the Aztecs’.
Why do you think
Peru was
13 settled after
Mexico?
Which of the four
civilizations
discussed do
14 you think was
the most
highly
developed?
Which early civilization was
located in Mesoamerica?
•
Aztec
11
Compare the Inca Empire’s
region to that of the
Aztecs’.
•
Inca: long, narrow,
runs along South
American coastline
•
Aztec: both coastal
and inland, closely
grouped around
Lake Texcoco in
present-day Mexico
12
Why do you think Peru was
settled after Mexico?
•
It was further away
from the Bering
Land Bridge
Which of the four civilizations
discussed do you think
was the most highly
developed?
•
Mayas: temples,
palaces, and
pyramids, structured
society
•
Aztec: large cities,
rich, powerful
•
Incas: large, well
run empire
13
14
Main Idea 3:
Several early societies developed in North
American long before Europeans
explored the continent.
• Earliest people in North America were hunter-gatherers.
• Learned to farm around 5,000 BC.
• The Anasazi was an early farm culture in Southwest.
– Grew maize, beans, and squash
– Developed irrigation methods
– Lived in pueblos, aboveground houses made of heavy clay called
adobe
– Built kivas, underground ceremonial chambers, for religious
ceremonies
– Began to abandon villages around AD 1300
15
Mound Building Cultures
Hopewell
16
• Lived in Mississippi, Ohio, and lower Missouri
river valleys
• Supported population with agriculture and
trade
• Built large burial mounds to honor the dead
• Developed later in same area as the Hopewell
Mississippian
• Built hundreds of mounds topped with temples
for religious ceremonies
• Developed throughout eastern North America
Others
• Cultures declined and by the 1700s, no longer
existed
17
18
How did the
Anasazi
houses
change
over
time?
What did the
Anasazi,
Hopewells
, and
Mississipp
ian
societies
have in
common?
How did the Anasazi
houses change
over time?
17
• At first they
were pit houses
dug into the
ground; later
they were
pueblos, with
houses on top of
each other; also
cliff dwellings
What did the Anasazi,
Hopewells, and
Mississippian
18
societies have in
common?
• All were farming
cultures
Pueblos were made out
of adobe or dried
earth. Do you think
19
adobe would have
been a good building
material for the
Mississippians
considering that they
lived in a humid, and
often wet,
environment?
Pueblos were made out
of adobe or dried
earth. Do you think
19
adobe would have
been a good building
material for the
Mississippians
considering that they
lived in a humid, and
often wet,
environment?
•No, because adobe
homes might turn to
mud and collapse in
wet environments.
Main Idea 4:
Geographic areas influenced Native
American cultures.
• Researchers use culture areas to help
describe ancient Native American
peoples.
• Culture areas are geographic locations
that influence society.
• North America is divided into several
culture areas, including the Far North,
Pacific Coast, California, West,
Southwest, Great Plains, and East.
20
North and Northwest Culture Areas
Arctic
Subarctic
• Long, cold
winters and
short summers
• Long, cold
winters and
short summers
• Inuit peoples in
present-day
Alaska and
Canada
• Dorgrib and
Montagnais
peoples
• Aleut peoples in
Alaska
• Hunters
followed
migrating deer
• Fished and
hunted large
mammals
• People lived in
temporary
shelters made
of animal skins.
Pacific
Northwest
• Carved images
of totems,
ancestor or
animal spirits,
on tall, wooden
poles
• Held feasts
called
potlatches
• Thrived on
abundant game
animals, fish,
and wild plants
20
West and Southwest Culture Areas
California
• Many food sources, such
as acorns, fish, and deer
• People lived in isolated
family groups of 50 to
300.
• More than 100 different
languages were spoken.
• Groups included the
Hupa, Miwok and
Yukots.
Southwest
• Dry climate
• Groups included the
Apache, Navajo, and
Pueblo.
• The Pueblo irrigated
land to grow crops.
• The Apache and Navajo
hunted game and raided
the villages of other
groups.
20
Great Plains and Eastern Culture Areas
Great Plains
• Stretched from Canada to
Texas and from the Mississippi
Valley to the Rocky Mountains
Northeast and Southeast
• Region rich in sources of
food and shelter
• Mainly grasslands, with game
such as buffalo
• Southeastern groups, such
as the Cherokee and Creek,
lived in farming villages.
• Used buffalo skins for shields,
clothing and coverings for
teepees, cone-shaped
shelters
• The Algonquian and Iroquois
were the main groups in the
Northeast.
• Matrilineal societies that
traced ancestry through their
mothers, not their fathers
• Groups included the Mandan,
Pawnee, Arapaho, Blackfoot,
and Comanche.
• The Iroquois formed the
Iroquois League, a
confederation that waged
war against non-Iroquois
peoples.
20
Why did some
culture areas
have fewer
of
21 groups
people than
other culture
areas did?
Why did Pueblo
peoples adopt
sedentary
22 alifestyle?
Why do you think
so many
Native
American
23 groups lived
along the
Pacific coast?
What natural
features
served as
24 boundaries
between
culture areas?
Why did some culture areas
have fewer groups of
people than other
culture areas did?
21
Geographical and
climatic
conditions may
have limited the
size of groups;
ability to grow
food or hunt also
impacted the size
of the population
Why did Pueblo peoples
adopt a sedentary
lifestyle?
22
They learned to grow
crops and irrigate
their land so they
did not need to
travel in search of
food.
Why do you think so many
Native American
groups lived along the
Pacific coast?
23
•
They could catch
plenty of food and
the climate was
mild.
What natural features
served as boundaries
between culture areas?
24
Mountains, rivers,
lakes
Explain how the Iroquois lived. Why was
the formation of the Iroquois League
considered to be a significant political
development?
25
Explain how the Iroquois lived. Farmers, hunters, and traders
who lived in rectangular homes, called longhouses,that
housed 8-10 families
Why was the formation of the Iroquois League considered to be
a significant political development? It united and
strengthened politically different Native American groups
among other Native American groups.
25
Main Idea 5:
Native American cultures shared beliefs about
religion and land ownership.
• Shared religious beliefs
26
– Polytheistic: worshipped many gods
– Religion linked to nature
– Spiritual forces were everywhere– even plants and animals
• Shared beliefs about property
– Individual ownership applied only to the crops one grew
– Land was for the use of everyone in the village
– Believed they should preserve the land for future generations
• Despite shared beliefs, Native Americans on the North
American continent were independent culture groups and
did not form large empires.
• Why do you think the religion of
most Native American people related
to nature?
• Because their culture and lifestyle
were deeply rooted in nature
• Spiritual forces were everywhere and
should be honored
27
• What is the difference between a
matrilineal society and a patrilineal
society?
– Matrilineal: people trace ancestry
through their mothers
– Patrilineal: people trace ancestry
through their fathers
28
Main Idea 6:
West Africa developed three great
kingdoms that grew wealthy through their
control of trade.
• For hundreds of years, trade routes run by
Berbers, a northern African group, crisscrossed
West Africa.
• Eventually though, trade routes were taken over
by a succession of West African kingdoms:
– Ghana
– Mali
– Songhai
29
Main Idea 7:
Slaves became a valuable trade item
in West Africa.
• Slavery existed in Africa for centuries and involved black
Africans, who were both slaveholders and slaves.
• People who were captured by warring groups, criminals,
and even relatives of people who owed money, were sold
into slavery.
• Beginning in the 600s, Arab Muslims and Europeans
became interested in the slave trade.
• Slave market increased as Muslim traders bought or
seized black Africans to sell in North Africa.
• Slave trade became important part of West African
economy.
• West Africa was home of many enslaved Africans brought
to the Americas.
29
Main Idea 8:
The Renaissance created a
rebirth of arts and learning.
• The Renaissance period brought new ways of thinking to
Europe.
• Began in Italy and spread to other parts of Europe
• European rulers began to increase their power over the
nobles in their countries.
• Fewer invasions from the outside helped bring a period of
peace and stability.
• Renaissance means “rebirth.”
30
30
Renaissance Economy
31
• Growth of trade and services sparked a commercial revolution.
• Mercantilism developed: economy backed by gold and silver
where government encourages exports and discourages
imports through the use of tariffs
• Imports: goods coming into the country
• Exports goods leaving the country because they were sold to
another country
• Tariffs: tax on imports
• Italy developed powerful trading cities that served as ports and
manufacturing centers.
• Banks emerged that kept money for merchants from all over
Europe.
• Merchants began to create joint-stock companies or
businesses in which a group of people invest together in order
to reduce individual risk.
How does this picture show a
thriving economy?
TRADITIONAL ECONOMY
32
•based on inheritance and custom
•primitive methods and tools
•Subsistence farming: growing only
enough food to feed yourself or the
people in your home
•Commercial economy: produces
enough goods to meet the needs of
the home and have surplus to sell
Economic Activities in Early America
33
• Farming in the
most important
economic activity
• 4 out of 5 people
were farmers
• Major shipping
towns:
Philadelphia,
Boston, New York,
and Charlestown
• New England
colonies: fishing,
shipbuilding, smallscale manufacturing
• Mid-Atlantic
colonies: flour,
wheat, and corn
• Southern colonies:
tobacco was the
main crop
Economic Markets in Early America
• Economic relationship
between England and
the colonies was a
monopoly
• Monopoly: a single
buyer or seller of a
product or service.
• Goods could only be
sold to England
because of the
Navigation Acts
34
• Oligopoly: not
enough suppliers of a
product to create a
true competition.
• Few companies
became giants in key
fields, such as
railroads and steel
• Free market
economy: anyone
can enter any area of
business and
competition is based
on quality and hard
work.
Mercantilism and Capitalism
• Mercantilism: belief
• Capitalism: belief
that economic activity
that economic activity
should serve the
serves and enriches
nation, not individuals.
individuals and
private businesses
• English monarchy
determined which
• Private ownership of
businesses could trade
companies and
with the colonies, and
competition drives
in return those
business
businesses paid high
taxes to pay for armies
and other needs at
home.
• Shipbuilding was a big
34
industry to promote
trade with England and
the colonies.
Adam Smith
34
• Wrote a book called
the Wealth of
Nations that is
studied by
economists today
Economic Institutions
• Consumers: people who buy
products
• Laborers: people who produce
products
• Labor unions: organizations who
protect the rights of workers
– Set prices to protect wages
– Shorter workdays
– Paid vacations
34
Economics
• Study of how limited resources are
used to produce and distribute goods
and services.
34
Goods v. Services
• Goods: products
are are made and
sold (something
you can touch)
–
–
–
–
Shoes
Clothing
Electronics, TVs
Games
• Services: types
of work that are
done for payment
–
–
–
–
Mechanic
Hairdresser
Lawyer
Doctor
34
• Name 3 services.
• Name 3 things
that could be a
mixture of
services and
goods.
• Name 3 goods.
Understanding Credit and Debit
• Credit: money
withdrawn from an
account or a bill
you owe
– Monthly utility bills
– Paying child
support
– Car or house
payment
– All expenses
• Debit: deposit
made to an
account or money
coming into an
account
– Weekly pay check
– Winning the lottery
– Receiving child
support
– All income
34
Understanding Creditors and Debtors
• There is another definition for credit –
promise to pay later – as in a credit
card.
• Creditor: person or company who
loans the money, good, or service.
• Debtor: person or company who
borrows the money, good, or service.
34
What determines the prices in
a market?
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
35
How Supply and Demand Work
• Supply: how
companies decide
which goods and
services to produce
• The amount of
profit to be made
influences supply
• Recent example:
gas prices
35
• Demand: how
households decide
which goods or
services to buy
• Cost of the product
influences demand
• Recent example:
consumers rushing
to buy new house
What are three ways the government can
compensate for market failures?
• Regulations: government rules to
protect business and employees
• Taxes: incentives for businesses to
act like government wants
• Competition: government provides
certain services – such as law
enforcement – to ensure they are
always available
36
“In this world nothing is certain but death and taxes.”
. . . Benjamin Franklin
100
80
Taxes paid in Ben
Franklin’s time
accounted for 5
percent of the
average
American’s
income.
60
40
20
0
1789
“In this world nothing is certain but death and taxes.”
. . . Benjamin Franklin
100
80
Today, taxes
account for up
to a third of
the average
American’s
income.
60
40
20
0
1789
Today
The Federal Government
The U.S. federal
government collects about
two-thirds of the taxes in
our economy.
The Federal Government
The largest source of revenue
for the federal government is
the individual income tax.
36
Tax Liability
With respect to paying income
taxes, an individual’s tax
liability (how much he/she
owes) is based on total
income.
Federal Income Tax Rates: 1999
On Taxable Income…
Up to $25,750
From $25,750 to $62,450
From $62,450 to $130,250
From $130,250 to $283,150
Over $283,150
The Tax Rate Is . . .
15.0 %
28.0
31.0
36.0
39.6
The Federal Government and Taxes
Payroll Taxes: tax on the wages
that a firm pays its workers.
Social Insurance Taxes: revenue
from these taxes is earmarked to
pay for Social Security and
Medicare.
Excise Taxes: taxes on specific
goods like gasoline, cigarettes, and
alcoholic beverages.
37
Receipts of the Federal Government: 1999
Tax
Individual income taxes
Social insurance taxes
Corporate income taxes
Other
Total
Amount
Amount
Percent
(billions) (per person) of Receipts
$869
$3,194
48%
609
2,239
34
182
669
10
146
537
8
$1,806
$6,639
100%
Receipts of the Federal
Government...
Individual Income
Tax, 48%
Social Insurance
Tax, 34%
Corporate Tax,
10%
Excise Tax, 4%
Other, 4%
Federal Government Spending
Expense Category:
Social Security
National Defense
Net Interest
Income Security
Medicare
Health
Other
Federal Government Spending: 1999
Category
Amount Amount per Percent of
(billions)
Person
Spending
Social security
$ 393
National defense
277
Net interest
243
Income security
227
Medicare
205
Health
143
Other
239
Total
$1,727
$1,445
1,018
893
837
754
526
879
$6,350
23%
16
14
13
12
8
14
100%
Federal Government Spending:
1999...
Social Security,
23%
Defense, 16%
Net Interest, 13%
Income security,
14%
Medicare, 12%
Health, 8%
Other, 14%,
Financial Conditions of the
Federal Budget
A budget deficit occurs when
there is an excess of government
spending over government receipts.
Government
finances the deficit
by borrowing from the public.
37
Financial Conditions of the
Federal Budget
A budget surplus occurs when
government receipts are greater
than government spending.
A
budget surplus may be used to
reduce the government’s
outstanding debts.
37
What is the Gross National
Product?
The sum of production of goods and
the supply of services in a given
country, including business done by
that country’s producers overseas.
37
What is the Gross Domestic
Product?
The sum of the production of goods
and the supply of services in a given
country, including business done by
foreign countries’ producers within
its boundaries
37
What is inflation and deflation?
• Inflation: amount
of increase in the
cost of goods and
services
• Deflation: amount
of decrease in the
cost of goods and
services
37
State and Local Governments
State and local
governments collect
about 40 percent of
taxes paid.
State and Local Government
Receipts
Sales Taxes
Property Taxes
Individual Income
Taxes
Corporate Income
Taxes
Other
Taxes
$
State and Local Government
Spending
Education
Public Welfare
Highways
Other
Receipts of State and Local
Governments: 1996
Tax
Sales taxes
Property taxes
Individual income taxes
Corporate income taxes
From federal government
Other
Total
Amount
(billions)
$249
209
147
32
235
351
$1,223
Amount
per person
$940
789
554
121
887
1,324
$4,615
Percent
of Receipts
20%
17
12
3
19
29
100%
Spending of State and Local Governments:
1996
Category
Education
Public welfare
Highways
Other
Total
Amount Amount per Percent of
(billions)
Person
Spending
$ 399
197
79
518
$1,193
$1,506
743
298
1,955
$4,502
33%
17
7
43
100%
Other Types of Taxes
–
–
–
–
–
–
Capital gains tax – tax on profit released
upon the sale of an asset (usually real
estate)
Sales tax – tax on goods bought by someone
Tariffs – taxes on imports/exports on the
movement of goods through a political
border
Toll tax – tax for the use of roads/bridges to
pay for those roads/bridges
Property taxes – tax on the value of
property owned – real estate
Inheritance tax (estate tax) – tax on an
estate of a person who dies and leaves
38
money to someone