Transcript The transformation of Barcelona since the Olympic Games

Erasmus University Rotterdam
Global Urban Competitiveness Project
iUrban Conference
Barcelona and the new inclusive growth
strategy
Joan Trullén
Institut d’Estudis Regionals I Metropolitans de Barcelona
Vice-president of Strategic Planning
Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona
April 9th, 2014
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Barcelona 1986-2013: economy and society
3. The new inclusive growth strategy for Barcelona
4. Conclusions
1. Introduction
Introduction and objectives
1.
Theoretical framework:
The process of economic growth…
 Piketty (Capital in the XXI Century): Is it inexorable
linked with an increase of inequality?
 Kuznets (curve): Is it inexorable linked with the reduction
of inequality?
 In a stable macroeconomic environment, urban and
metropolitan policies can achieve economic growth
and greater income equality at the same time
3
1. Introduction
Introduction and objectives
1.
 Cities as actors for inclusive growth
 Potential of cities to foster inclusive growth
 Central role of macroeconomic policies to promote
welfare state
 Role of urban and metropolitan policies to promote
growth and inclusiveness
 Barcelona as an example of success of urban policies
that foster inclusive growth between 1985 and 2006
4
Contents:
1. Introduction and objectives
2. Barcelona 1986-2013: economy and society
3. The new inclusive growth strategy for Barcelona
4. Conclusions
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
6
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
The evolution of the metropolis of Barcelona from 1985 to
2006:
1. The metropolis of Barcelona has been a pioneer in the
design of urban strategies that promote economic
growth and correct the inequality
2. Economic growth between 1985 and 2006 resulted in
the creation of 1.2 million new jobs) (Barcelona
province).
3. The Gini index of disposable income reduces from
0.39 in 1985 to 0.29 in 2006
7
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
Jobs in Barcelona from 1977 to 2013 and trend for 2023 (thousands)
3,000
y = 30.992x + 1261.9
2,593.8
2,500
2,042.0
2,000
+989
+437
1,500
1,605.3
1,000
500
2023
2021
2019
2017
2015
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
0
Source: IERMB from INE
8
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
How has expanded geographically the metropolis of
Barcelona?
1. The metropolis of Barcelona between 1986 and 2001
has consolidated as a large European metropolis.
2. In 2001, the metropolitan labor market already included
half of the province of Barcelona.
3. The expansion of the metropolis takes place
simultaneously with the expansion of the foreign markets
in the European Union.
9
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
The process of territorial expansion of the
metropolitan areas in Catalunya. 1986-2001
a) 1986
b) 1991
c) 1996
d) 2001
Source: Trullén and Boix (2000), Boix and Galletto (2004), and Boix and Veneri (2008).
10
2. Barcelona 1986-2013: economy and society
The metropolitan region of Barcelona
•
Territorial
expansion
and formation of the
metropolitan area from
1986
–
–
–
–
•
164 cities
4.8 millions inhabitants
2.2 millions jobs
Employment growth rate:
2.6% annual average
from 1991 to 2008.
Barcelona
Pla Estratègic Metropolità
de Barcelona
Barcelona
Polycentric network of
cities
Source: Trullén and Boix (2006)
11
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
Foreign sector
Contribution of domestic and foreign demand to GDP growth in Spain, in
percentage points, 2001 - 2013
8.0
Domestic demand
Foreign demand
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
Contribution of domestic demand
Contribution of foreign demand
1T 2013
3T 2012
1T 2012
3T 2011
1T 2011
3T 2010
1T 2010
3T 2009
1T 2009
3T 2008
1T 2008
3T 2007
1T 2007
3T 2006
1T 2006
3T 2005
1T 2005
3T 2004
1T 2004
3T 2003
1T 2003
3T 2002
1T 2002
3T 2001
1T 2001
-8.0
GDP growth
Source: INE
12
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
Foreign sector
Weight of Catalan and Spanish exports over EU-15 and world, 1995-2012
7%
6%
5%
5.75%
4.70%
4%
3%
2%
1.89%
1.13%
1.59%
1.47%
0.46%
0.41%
1%
0%
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Catalonia over EU15
Catalonia over World total
Spain over EU15
Spain over World total
Source: IERMB from WTO Statistics database, DATACOMEX (AEAT) and Eurostat.
13
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
How has the crisis affected the metropolis of Barcelona?
1. The crisis between 2008 and 2013 has led to the destruction
of 0.5 million jobs (Barcelona province).
2. The Gini index of disposable income increases from 0.29 in
2006 to 0.33 in 2011.
3. In five years (2006-2011), income distribution has worsened
to the level of 1995.
14
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
Income and living conditions
Gini index of disposable income. Barcelona and Barcelona Metropolitan Area (BMA), 19852011.
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.398
0.359
0.339
0.373
0.346
0.322
0.308
0.30
0.304
0.25
0.291
0.301
0.289
0.264
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
1985
1990
1995
Barcelona
2000
2006
2011
Rest of BMA
Source: IERMB, Survey on Living Conditions and Habits of the Population, 1985-2000; Idescat and IERMB, Survey on Living
Conditions and Habits of the Population, 2006-2011.
15
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
Income and living conditions
S80/S20 ratio of disposable income. Barcelona and Barcelona Metropolitan Area
(BMA), 1985-2011.
9
7.76
8
7
6
6.10
6.91
5.14
4.79
5
4.83
4.18
5.15
4
4.10
3
3.79
3.70
3.71
1995
2000
2006
2
1
0
1985
1990
Barcelona
2011
Rest of BMA
Source: IERMB, Survey on Living Conditions and Habits of the Population, 1985-2000; Idescat and IERMB, Survey on Living
Conditions and Habits of the Population, 2006-2011.
16
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
Income and living conditions
S90/S10 ratio of disposable income. Barcelona and Barcelona Metropolitan Area
(BMA), 1985-2011.
16
14.55
14
12
11.38
13.24
10
7.82
8
6
7.04
6.65
7.11
9.15
6.65
4
4.81
5.01
2000
2006
3.76
2
0
1985
1990
1995
Barcelona
2011
Rest of BMA
Source: IERMB, Survey on Living Conditions and Habits of the Population, 1985-2000; Idescat and IERMB, Survey on Living
Conditions and Habits of the Population, 2006-2011.
17
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
Income and living conditions
Type of household according to kinship. Barcelona Metropolitan Area, 1985-2011.
Population over 18 years
100%
90%
1.2
6.2
1.7
5.5
69.0
64.2
1.2
7.3
1.0
8.3
67.0
59.8
1.5
8.0
1.2
10.5
52.6
44.0
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
20.1
25.0
30.2
18.8
16.2
3.1
5.2
2.5
7.3
2.4
5.9
3.0
7.7
4.6
8.3
5.8
8.3
1985
1990
1995
2000
2006
2011
15.2
One person without core
Two or more people with core
Childless couple
Couple with children
Parent with children
Two or more cores
Note: Data for 1985 refer to the 27 municipalities of the former Metropolitan Corporation of Barcelona.
Source: IERMB, Survey on Living Conditions and Habits of the Population, 1985-2000; Idescat and IERMB, Survey on Living
Conditions and Habits of the Population, 2006-2011.
18
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
Income and living conditions
Place of Birth. Barcelona Metropolitan Area, 1985-2011.
Population over 18 years
100%
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.5
90%
80%
70%
46.1
44.7
38.6
11.1
22.1
36.3
29.4
25.3
60%
50%
40%
30%
52.2
53.3
1985
1990
60.0
62.2
59.5
1995
2000
2006
52.7
20%
10%
0%
Catalonia
Rest of Spain
2011
Rest of the World
Note: Data for 1985 refer to the 27 municipalities of the former Metropolitan Corporation of Barcelona.
Source: IERMB, Survey on Living Conditions and Habits of the Population, 1985-2000; Idescat and IERMB, Survey on Living
Conditions and Habits of the Population, 2006-2011.
19
1. Barcelona
Introduction
and objectives
2.
1986-2013:
economy and society
Income and living conditions
Level of finished studies. Barcelona Metropolitan Area, 1990-2011.
Population over 18 years
100%
90%
18.2
18.7
23.0
80%
70%
19.1
23.7
60%
30.5
30.9
24.9
25.9
44.6
43.1
2006
2011
22.0
50%
40%
30%
62.7
57.6
54.9
20%
10%
0%
1990
1995
Compulsory education or lower
2000
Post-compulsary secondary ed.
Higher education
Note: Data for 1985 refer to the 27 municipalities of the former Metropolitan Corporation of Barcelona.
Source: IERMB, Survey on Living Conditions and Habits of the Population, 1985-2000; Idescat and IERMB, Survey on Living
Conditions and Habits of the Population, 2006-2011.
20
Contents:
1. Introduction and objectives
2. Barcelona 1986-2013: economy and society
3. The new inclusive growth strategy for Barcelona
4. Conclusions
1. The
Introduction
and objectives
3.
new inclusive
growth strategy for Barcelona
Against the crisis: the metropolis of Barcelona
Barcelona is the “engine” of the Spanish exports (20% of Spanish exports)
•
Barcelona has to lead the Spanish recovery from the crisis
•
So, it’s necessary to enhance the competitiveness and productivity
Territorial factors of productivity:
•
Interaction between economy and urbanism
•
Metropolitan infrastructures: strategic role of the airport/port and of
Intermodal railway station of La Sagrera
 The metropolitan strategy has a key role in the recovery
from the crisis
22
3. The new inclusive growth strategy for Barcelona
Local factors to increase productivity
Localization economies
MID
G.
Becattini
Diversity
economies
J. Jacobs
Diversity
Productivity
growth
R.Camagni
Metropolis
Network economies
Urbanization
economies
Porter –
Kramer
Shared
Value,
clusters
The “micro” factor
the new firm
23
1. The
Introduction
and objectives
3.
new inclusive
growth strategy for Barcelona
Policy strategies for the Barcelona Province
Figueres
Vic
Girona
Manresa
Lleida
Sabadell Granollers
Igualada
Terrass
.
Matarò
Martorell a
Vilafrancad.P.
Barcelona
Reus
Tarragona
Tortosa
Vilanova i la G.
Orbital
New railway lines
Existing railway
lines
Knowledge poles
and Knowledge
platforms
Identity platforms
Legend
Annual Average GDP Growth Rate 2005-2025
The Proactive Scenario
0,00000-3,529694
3,529695 - 3,848386
3,848387 - 3,953337
3,953338 - 5,188075
Source: Trullén 2011, Camagni 2011
ESPON Project
24
1. The
Introduction
and objectives
3.
new inclusive
growth strategy for Barcelona
Strategy for the metropolitan region of Barcelona: metropolitan area, orbital cities
and transversal axis
Rent
Rent in the center
of the metropolis
Difference in productivity growth
rates:  <  < 



Productivity levels in the proactive
scenario
Productivity levels in the reference
scenario
Farm land rent
Barcelona and Metropolitan Area
Orbital cities and villages
Tranversal axis Vic - Manresa - Igualada
Distance from the centre
Source:
Trullén
2011
Source: Own
elabotarion.
25
1. The
Introduction
and objectives
3.
new inclusive
growth strategy for Barcelona
The Metropolitan Area of Barcelona and the European
mega regions:
a new territorial framework for a new metropolitan
strategy
 The European mega regional dynamic
 The Lyon – Barcelona mega region
 Indicators of economic activity
 Indicators of innovative activity
26
3. The new inclusive growth strategy for Barcelona
Evolution of the twelve European mega regions
(1992-2009)
Main characteristics of the European mega regions (2009)
Mega-region
Population
km2
inhab/km2
Am-Brus-Twerp
62.331.069
166.218
375
Barce-Lyon
29.067.891
111.816
260
Berlin
4.540.513
5.566
816
Frank-Gart
34.753.485
114.870
303
Glas-burgh
3.863.299
11.852
326
Lisbon
10.459.976
40.974
255
London
51.846.094
111.972
463
Madrid
6.904.141
14.340
481
Paris
24.204.737
97.080
249
Prague
17.778.045
92.606
192
Rom-Mil-Tur
55.614.000
199.791
278
Vienna-Budapest
46.574.691
217.372
214
Total
347.937.941
1.184.456
294
Source: IERMB
Source: IERMB
27
3. The new inclusive growth strategy for Barcelona
Evolution of the European mega region economic activity
(GDP/inhab.)
40,000
Am-Brus-Twerp
35,000
Barce-Lyon
Berlin
30,000
Frank-Gart
25,000
Glas-burgh
20,000
Lisbon
15,000
London
 All mega regions have experienced an
increase in the GDP per capita in the
period of 1995-2007. Although there are
signs of stagnation of the economy from
2008 because of the current financial
crisis.
Madrid
10,000
Paris
5,000
Prague
Rom-Mil-Tur
0
1995
2001
2007
2009
Source: IERMB
Vienna-Budapest
Evolution of the European mega region innovation activity
(patents/million inhab.)
450
Am-Brus-Twerp
400
Barce-Lyon
350
Berlin
300
Frank-Gart
250
Glas-burgh
200
Lisbon
150
London
100
Madrid
 Regarding the indicator of innovation
used in this study (the number of patents
per million inhabitants), there is a slight
upward trend.
 Conclusion: Promote network
strategies between cities and metropolis
in each mega region based on
innovation policies
50
Paris
0
1992
1995
2001
2006
Prague
Source: IERMB
28
Contents:
1. Introduction and objectives
2. Barcelona 1986-2013: economy and society
3. The new inclusive growth strategy for Barcelona
4. Conclusions
1. Conclusions
Introduction and objectives
4.
 Inequality and economic growth are not inexorably linked:
economic and urban and metropolitan policies can and must
have a role in fostering growth while at the same time reducing
inequalities.
 Cities and metropolitan areas are where inequalities are
greatest. Limiting the study of inequality to national or regional
data may hide this fact. Actually, the focus should be what
happens inside metropolitan areas: the Gini index in the centre
of the metropolitan area, Barcelona (1.6 million inhabitants), is
higher than the rest of the metropolitan area (1.6 million
inhabitants).
 This fact highlights the usefulness of surveys on income and
living conditions conducted on a metropolitan scale.
30
1. Conclusions
Introduction and objectives
4.
 It is possible to identify win-win policies capable of delivering
growth while reducing inequalities. Economic growth can be
inclusive, while crisis is regressive.
 The crucial factor to reduce inequality is to increase the level
of employment.
 Therefore, urban economic growth policies should be designed
from the metropolis to the metropolis to achieve inclusive
growth. In this sense, urban and metropolitan economic
policy matters.
 Promote network strategies between cities and metropolis in
each megaregion based on innovation policies
31
Thank you for your attention
Joan Trullén
Vice president of Strategic Planning
Area Metropolitana de Barcelona
Contact:
tel. 00 34 93 506 95 22
Email: [email protected]