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Environmental
Governance and
Development
Cooperation
– Achievements and
Challenges
Helle Munk Ravnborg
Danish Institute for Institute for International Studies
Rasmus Kløcker Larsen
Swedish Environment Institute
Mikkel Funder, DIIS
Danish Institute for Institute for International Studies
The context:
Low ecological
footprint in
developing
countries
Source: WWF Living
Planet Report 2012
- nevertheless
Low-income countries
Middle-income countries
High-income countries
World
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hectares per person
Significant costs of
environmental
degradation to
developing
countries
Source: World Bank, Country
Environmental Analyses;
Courtesy of Rohit Khanna
% of GDP
“A march against nemagon by Nicaraguan farm workers – 2005”
Courtesy to La Rel Agrotóxicos
The achievements:
Out of 103
developing
countries:
80
70
# of countries
Sub-Saharan Africa
(n=45)
South Asia (n=8)
60
50
East Asia and Pacific
(n=22)
Latin America and the
Caribbean (n=28)
40
30
20
10
Source: Ecolex.org, own processing
2008
2006
2001
1996
1991
1986
0
1981
1986:
9 had general
environmental
legislation
2008:
86 had
general
environmental
legislation
90
The achievements:
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
Source: AidData, own processing
Year
2007-2009
2002-2006
1997-2001
1992-1996
1987-1991
0
1982-1986
1992-2009:
>60 aid
activities per
year per
country
Rio convention-related objective
10000
1972-1981
22,917
environmentall
y oriented aid
activities
General environemental objective
# aid activities having environment as
principal/significant objective
21 developing
countries
The challenges:
 Environmental governance as
a new policy field
 Enforcement capacity is still low
 Blind spots and the political
economy of environmental
governance inhibit that
problems are addressed
 International environmental
conventions as legal and
Courtesy to Mikkel Funder
Courtesy to
Courtesy to David Francois
legitimate platform for local and
environmental
governance and for claiming
environmental rights
global
Courtesy to La Rel
Agrotóxicos
The recommendations:
 Support efforts to strengthen
enforcement capacity – district-level
and horizontal integration
 Support efforts to strengthen
claim-making capacity of citizens
through support for accessible
authorities and CSOs
 Participate in efforts to
strengthen international
environmental conventions as a
legitimate platform for
international environmental
(development) cooperation
Courtesy to Mikkel Funder
Courtesy to
Courtesy to David Francois
Courtesy to La Rel
Agrotóxicos
“Without international support,
we would never have been able
to address the environmental
problems we have in my district”
Courtesy to Mikkel Funder
– district environmental officer, San Pedro
de Lóvago, Nicaragua, April 2012
Courtesy to
For more information please visit:
Courtesy to David Francois
www.diis.dk/recom
Courtesy to La Rel
Agrotóxicos