Transcript Challenges and uncertainties for the South

Knowledge and Innovation:
Challenges and uncertainties for the South
Author: Dr Sc Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart
World Science Forum
Budapest November 2005
• The knowledge Economy, in the context of
other issues relevant to development and
society.
• A developing country eager to close the
knowledge – divide. The Cuban experience.
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Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
KEY FEATURES
 The rapid pace of change in
specific supporting technologies
(mobile telephony, internet, genetic
engineering, etc)
 Knowledge and
information as the
principal sources
of added value
• Knowledge as the
main “limiting
resource”
KNOWLEDGE
ECONOMY
• Entrepreneurial
competition
for innovation, differentiation
and high standards of
excellence
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Globalization
• Highly qualified
human resources
• World wide distribution
of goods and services in
“real time”
• Intellectual property
protection
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
ECONOMIC WORLD DIVISSION
NORTH - DEVELOPED
20% of World Population
- 80% resources
SOUTH - UNDEVELOPED
80% of World Population
- 20% resources
North has control of
A) World resources:
86% GDP
68% Foreign Investment
71% Trade
82% Export markets
80% Energy resources
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B) Knowledge&Innovation:
80% world investment in R&D
2.5% of GDP for S&T
93% Internet users
85% Scientific articles
90% Patents
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
Millions of Users
114.3
302.3
259.6
103.1
221.4
108.1
Internet users throughout the World
Europe
North America
19.4
18.1
4.5 13.5
56.2
Middle
East
Africa
250
Asia
5.3
Latin America
/ Caribbean
200.9
200
7.6
150
2000: 361
94
100
TOTAL
67.7
2005:
16.3
Oceania
889
46.3
50
39.2 35.2
31.6 28.6
24.8 22.3 20.4
17.9 15.3 14.6
13.6 12.3 12.2 10.8 10.6 9.5
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Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
SOLID NORTHERN ECONOMIES vs FRAIL SOUTHERN ECONOMIES
Export Technological Intensity with respect to with Total Exports
Regions/
Countries
1999-2003
Primary
products
Products
manufac.
with natural
resources
Low and
intermediate
technology
manufac. goods
High Tech
manufac.
goods
United
States
7.7
12.6
4.6
33.1
EU
6.1
18.6
53.9
21.5
Japan
0.4
7.7
60.2
31.6
27.3
17.5
38.3
16.9
6.2
9.9
61.2
22.7
12.3
16.6
40.1
30.9
NORTH
SOUTH
LAC
China
Thailand
The Biotech Industry Worlwide
Year 2005, more than:
 4,000 companies
 300,000 employees
 370 products in clinical trial phase III
200 FDA* approved drugs and
vaccines
Revenues:
In 1992: 8 Bn USD; 2002: 50 USD Bn.
14 0 0
12 0 0
10 0 0
19 9 4
800
19 9 5
19 9 6
USA
600
19 9 7
400
19 9 8
EUROPA
200
94
0
96 98
94
96 98
ICT Exports, 1996-2003. (% of total)
30%
EU
USA
Japan
4%
Latin America
and Caribbean
15%
34%
East and Southeast
Asia
17%
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Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
Intellectual property rights (I)
and Brain – drain (II)
I Trends: Technical barriers and privatization of knowledge.
II The number of professionals living away from their
country of origin grew from: 75 x 106 in 1965 to 120 x 106 in
1990 and reached 150 x 106 in 2000.
During the past 40 years:
 33% of qualified African professionalsimmigrated to
Europe.
 1.1 x 106 Latin American scientist and researchers
immigrated to industrialized countries which is equivalent
to a transfer of 3 billions US Dollars.
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Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
Bridging the knowledge - divide:
The Cuban Experience
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Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
Higher Education in Cuba
64
Universities, Institutions and University Graduates
28
3
1976
2005
15 609
83 957
Total enrollment:
From 1959 to 2004: more than 750 000 graduates in:
300 000
1959
Education
37.6 %
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Others
8%
Medical Sciences
16 %
Sciences:
• Social / Humanities
• Natural / Exact
38%
• Technical/Agricultural/Econ.
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
University of Informatic Sciences
Innovative university for scientific,
academic and productive excellence, that
forms professionals mainly for the software
Industry.
With:
•8000 students and 700 professors.
•A high technological installed capacity.
•Links with the Cuban enterprise system.
•Production based learning process.
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Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
Investment: In 2004: 1.75 % of its GNP for research activities; 0.82%
directly to R&D
There are 15 scientists and engineers working in the science and
technology sector per 1000 economically active inhabitants.
Science and Technology in Cuba
Institutions: 218 institutions, 118 are research centres.
Staff:
31,400
persons work in these institutions, women represent the 52% of
the total labor force
West Havana Scientific Pole
CIGB
IPK
CNB
CIE
NEUROSCIENCES
CIM
I. FINLAY
CNIC
CENPALAB
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Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
The Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry
Strategic concepts for
building a biotechnology
sector:
• Closed – loop organizations.
• Export – oriented organization
• Building of an Intellectual
Property platform.
• A tight relationship between
research and the industrial
strategy
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Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
Factors contributing to success in Cuba
1. Strong
science base
8. ¨Soft factors¨: Human resources
of excellence
6. Technology
transfer
Education,
science&tech.
4. Instituting
Networking &
Co-operation
2. Developed a national
education programme
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7. S&T strategies
coherent with national
interests
5. Created similar to S&T
parks in Biotech and ICT
3. Capacity building of a “critical mass”
of educational and R&D institutions
and it’s legal frameworks
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
CONCLUDING REMARKS
•
•
•
•
polarization of science is not only a
problem in itself, but also jeopardizes the
emergence of viable solutions to other.
The ability to use knowledge is
increasingly linked to the ability to
generate it.
science benefits from diversity of
approaches to a given problem
North-South scientific cooperation as a
form of aid to developing countries,
rather than as a joint approach to global
problems that affect everyone
S&T development in Cuba, steams from
Jose Marti central ideas: To be free,
first be educated
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Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart
THANK VERY MUCH
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
World Science Forum
Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart