Transcript CO 2 Emission and GDP of Taiwan

Energy and Low Carbon Society Policy in
Taiwan
Chen Li-chun
Faculty of Economics
Yamaguchi University
Tel/Fax: +81-83-933-5526
[email protected]
Energy Situation in Taiwan
Structure of Energy Supply (by Energy Form)
Coal & Coal Products
Natural Gas
Conventional Hydro Power
1,000 KLOE
Crude Oil & Petrol. Products
Biomass and Waste
Nuclear Power
160,000
0.1%
140,000
8.3%
120,000
0.1%
8.1%
100,000
80,000
60,000
0.1%
12.2%
5.8%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
10.3%
7.0%
0.2%
0.6%
1.0%
7.8%
0.0%
0.3%
1.5%
12.1%
48.0%
0.1%
0.4%
1.3%
114
152
11,706
1,861 542
17,087
67,518
52.2%
50.5%
40,000
52.5%
20,000
28.4%
30.9%
30.0%
29.7%
41,788
2007
2012
1992
1997
2002
Year
Source: Prepared from BOE, MOEA (2013), Energy Statistics Handbook 2012.
2
Energy Situation in Taiwan
Structure of Total Domestic Consumption (by Sector)
1,000 KLOE
Energy Sector Own Use
Agricultural
Non-Energy Use
Industrial
Service
Transportation
Residential
120,000
100,000
19.6%
80,000
11.0%
15.4%
60,000
40,000
11.8%
11.2%
10.6%
12.1%
10.8%
2.0%
10.9%
12,132
11.0%
11.9%
12,309
997
13,263
38.2%
42,564
0.9%
0.9%
1.5%
12.0%
13.7%
37.5%
-
22,359
11.2%
15.9%
20,000
20.0%
38.1%
38.9%
9.7%
8.4%
7.9%
7.1%
7,913
1992
1997
2002
2007
2012
Source: Prepared from BOE, MOEA (2013), Energy Statistics Handbook 2012.
Year
3
Energy Situation in Taiwan
Energy Supply and Total Domestic Consumption

The energy consumption of
2012 totaled 111.54 million
KLOE (kiloliter oil
equivalent), of which 38% is
for industrial sector, 12%
for transportation sector
Million KLOE
Energy Supply
Total Domestic Consumption
160.0
144.2
133.7
140.0
106.4
112.2
94.6
100.0
98.7
106.7
111.8 111.5
80.0
62.9
72.2
60.0
40.0
104.8
90.9
80.0
Both service and residential
sectors energy consumption
are growing annually and
represent 11% share,
respectively
138.2 140.8
119.6
120.0
86.2

136.3
55.9
20.0
-
Year
1992 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2012
Source: Prepared from BOE, MOEA (2013), Energy Statistics Handbook 2012.
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CO2 Emissions in Taiwan


The carbon emissions of year 2008 and 2009 for the first time in 20 years
had negative growth for two consecutive years. However, compared to
2009, the CO2 emission has grown by 6.2% because of the economic
recover in 2010.
CO2 emission for producing one unit of GDP continues to decline (CO2
emission intensity) which is an indication of gradual year-by-year
improvement on the low-carbon energy structure and energy efficiency of
Taiwan.
CO2 Emission and GDP of Taiwan (2012)
CO2 Intensity in Taiwan (2012)
300,000 25.00
16,000,000
14,000,000
250,000
20.00
12,000,000
200,000
10,000,000
15.00
8,000,000
CO2 Intensity
150,000
CO2 Emission
GDP
10.00
6,000,000
100,000
4,000,000
Source： Prepared from BOE, MOEA (2013), Energy Statistics Handbook 2012 & Bing-Chwen Yang (2013).
11
12
2012
10
2011
9
2010
8
2009
7
2008
6
2007
5
2006
4
2005
3
2004
2
2003
1
2002
13
0.00
2001
12
2012
11
2011
10
2010
9
2009
8
2008
7
2007
6
2006
5
2005
4
2004
3
2003
2
2002
1
2001
0
2000
-
5.00
2000
50,000
2,000,000
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Installation of Renewable Energy
The installed capacity of renewable energy was 3,683 MW in Dec
2012.
Targeted renewable power generation capacity is 12.5 GW by 2030.
Energy Source
2012
2015
2020
2025
2030
On-shore Wind
621
866
1,200
1,200
1,200
Off-shore Wind
0
15
600
1,800
3,000
2,060
2,052
2,112
2,502
2,502
201
492
1,020
2,500
3,100
Geothermal
0
4
66
150
200
Biogas
9
29
29
31
31
792
848
925
1,369
1,369
Ocean Energy
0
1
30
200
600
H2&Fuel Cells
0
7
60
200
500
3,683
4,314
6,042
9,952
12,502
7.7%
10.0%
10.6%
14.8%
16.1%
Hydro Power
Solar PV
Waste to Energy
Total
Percentage of
installed capacity
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Source： Prepared from Bing-Chwen Yang (2013).
「Million Solar Roofs 」Program
• Target - The solar roofs installed
capacity achieve 3,100 MW before 2030
 Roof type(3,000 MW) ：Million unit
solar roof (per 3 kW) ；1 million ×3
kW = 3,000 MW.
 Ground type(100 MW) ：Installing
the capacity of about 100MW.
• Strategies - slow to fast / ground after roof
 Promote by the Feed-in Tariffs
2025
2,500 MW
3,500
累計裝置容量 (MW)
3,000
一 Expanded
target
擴大推廣目標
GOAL
2020
1,020 MW
2,500
2,000
1,500
2011
70MW
1,000
2015
420 MW
500
0
2000
2008
2011
2015
2020
Source： Prepared from Bing-Chwen Yang (2013).
2025
2030 年
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「Thousand Wind Turbines」 Program
• Target –The wind power installed capacity achieves 4,200 MW before
2030
 Onshore: Develop excellent wind farms first, and then develop
secondary wind farms before 2015
 Install 800 MW before 2015, develop 400 MW secondary wind
farms after 2015, there will be total 1,200 MW in 2020 (about
450 wind turbines).
 Offshore: Develop shallow-water area first, and then develop deepwater area before 2020
 Complete the first demonstration offshore wind farm of Taiwan
before 2015; develop 600 MW shallow-water wind farms in
2020 (120 wind turbines).
 Develop wind farm in business scale during 2021-2030 (total
2,400 MW, about 480 wind turbines in 10 years).
• Strategies
 Demonstration Incentives for offshore wind power systems.
 To establish inter-ministerial coordination mechanism.
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Mechanism of Feed-in Tariffs
• Tariffs and formula should be reviewed annually by
referring to technical advancement, cost variation, goal
achievement status, etc.  no depression system in place
• Tariffs shall not be lower than the average cost for fossilfired power of domestic power utilities.
• Current, only Solar PV tariff rates are set on date when
generating equipment installations are completed. Other
technologies have tariff rates set on the Power Purchasing
Agreement (PPA) signing date.  applied for 20 years
• BOE announces PV capacity quota every year. PV systems >
30 kW are subject to a bidding procedure to decide tariffs.
Developers proposing higher discount rates get the priority
to get the quota.
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Concluding Remarks
• Actively promote the development of renewable energy, serve to
enhance energy independence, reduce carbon emissions and
strengthen energy supply sustainability. The promotion of
“Thousand Wind Turbines", “Million Solar Roofs" and other
specific measures can reach the installed capacity of 12,502 MW
by 2030, accounting for Taiwan's total installed capacity of the
power system 16.1%.
• Review the domestic nuclear safety and energy policy due to
Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011 to increase the amount of
renewable energy. It is expected to contribute Taiwan's total
electricity consumption from 2.51% in 2010 of to 10.67% in 2030.
Reference: Bing-Chwen Yang (2013),” The Implementation, Achievement
and Challenges of Renewable Energy Promotion and Low Carbon
Technology in Chinese Taipei”, APEC Workshop on Renewable Energy
Promotion and Pricing Mechanism: Feed-in Tariffs (FIT), Renewable
Portfolio Standards (RPS) and Others, 26~27 September, 2013.
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