Transcript Functional Division of Labour, Economic and Institutional

The role, specific situation and
potentials
of
urban areas
as nodes in a
polycentric development
ESPON Project 1.1.1
Lead partner Nordregio
Third interim report
ECP-meeting Oct. 2003, Italy
Polycentrism
A Spatial Organisation of Cities
characterised by:
• Functional Division of Labour,
• Economic and Institutional Integration,
and
• Political Co-operation.
Levels and issues
Concepts
REGIONAL
Opportunity: Synergy of urban complementarities
Focus: Networking - co-operation - integration
NATIONAL
Problem: Unbalanced national urban system
Focus: Peripheral cities and regions
EUROPEAN
Policies
&
Plans
Governance
International
Flows
Problem: Unbalanced European territory
TIR focus:
Focus (1): MEGAs and regions outside the 5tagon European
Focus (2): International flows outside the 5tagon
territory
GDP per
capita in PPS,
EU 27+2,
2000
• Yellow
regions are
below 44% of
EU15 average
• Pronounced
East-West
divide
Change in
share of EU
27+2
GDP/capita
1995-2000
• Gain: Green
• Loss: Red
• A mosaic with
East-West
catch-up
trends
Cities in Europe
• No universal definition of a city
• Functional Urban Areas (FUAs): Commuting
catchment areas or relevant counterparts
• FUAs are building blocks in our analysis for
potential polycentric urban regions
FUA
population
• 1,595 FUAs in
EU 27+2
• Two bananas:
From England
– to Italy
– to Hungary
• Next step:
– Trends
Multi-modal
accessibility of
FUAs (EU 27+2)
• Best potential
accessibility in
Pentagon
• No correlation
between size and
accessibility (i.e.
“function matters”)
Functional specialisation
• Six additional indicators for functional
specialisation
–
–
–
–
–
–
Transport
Tourism
Manufacturing industries
Knowledge
Decision centres of private companies
Public administration
Transport
Airports & harbours
• Concentrated
within countries
• Concentrated to
the Pentagon
• No “European”
nodes in accession
countries
Tourism
Number of Beds
• The Alps and
the
Mediterranean
coast …
• … and cities
like London,
Paris and
Rome
Manufacturing
Gross Value Added
• NUTS 3-level
data not
available for UK
and France
• Strongest FUAs
in the Pentagon
and in Spain
• Low GVA in
acc. countries
• Small FUAs
may be global!
Knowledge
Number of students
• A balanced
picture:
universities are
found all over
Europe
• Capitals are
strongest
Business headquarters
Top 500 (turnover)
companies
• Extremely
concentrated
• Stockholm is the
only “European”
centre outside
Pentagon
Public administration
National service
centres
Hierarchical
Typology of
FUAs
Three types, based on
the seven indicators
• 64 MEGAs
• Clusters of MEGAs:
– England, Be-Ne-Lux,
Germany
– Italy, France, Switzerland
– Czech Rep, Poland,
Hungary
• Solitary MEGAs
• Tissues of FUAs
Polycentricity of 149
grouped FUAs on
the basis of
proximity
• Polycentric:
Midlands, Randstadt,
Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley,
Ostrava/Krakow
• Monocentric:
Paris, Madrid, Athens,
Berlin, Stockholm
Potentials
outside 5tagon
Top-Down:
• Solitary MEGAs
• Potential polycentric
FUA-regions
Bottom-Up:
• SWOTs
• Programmes
Policy options
Regional potentials
• Infrastructure investments: NB: hard and soft measures
• Strategic planning and co-operation
• EU: Turn funding from nodes to links / new obj 2 measures for PcR /
SWOT based programs / Guidelines on PcR
More balanced national urban systems
• Division of labour between national nodes
• Second tier of cities in mono-centric and acceding countries!
nd
• EU: funding the 2 tier / encourage national planning in EU-context
EU competitiveness and territorial cohesion
• Identify and strengthen potential new global integration zones - NB:
dense urban systems in acceding countries!
• EU: TENs, EU institutions, funding for PcR: e.g. obj.2 measures for
PcR beyond decay and reconstruction / Interreg on joint urban
strategies.
Key choices made in the work
• To deal explicitly with two concepts of
polycentrism:
– MEGAS
– Functional polycentrism
• Deliver the list of FUAs
• Include transnational links
Challenges the next period
• Feedback check on operationalisation of FUAs and
MEGAs
• To integrate the top down identification of potential
polycentric regions and the bottom up verification of
practical experience on planning and governance
• To further develop the analysis of potential polycentric
regions (e.g. the FUA-group analysis)
• The contradictions between policy recommendations
at different levels (e.g. the EU and the national levels)
• The policy context after 3rd cohesion report