The Euro by Carlos Rios
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Transcript The Euro by Carlos Rios
The Euro
by Carlos Rios
History
Implementation
– criteria
– phases
Regulation
– ECB
Advantages/Risks
EU-11 aka Euroland
Austria
Belgium
Finland
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
History
Post WWII tensions
Political unity
through economic
medium
Try to advance
European sluggish
economic movement
Criteria
GDP <3% Budget Deficit
GDP <60% Government Debt
Inflation <1.5% three lowest inflation
countries
Bond yield <2% of 3 lowest countries
Exchange rate must remain in normal
fluctuation bands for the two previous years
Two Non- EU-11
Greece
– Gov’t deficit 4.0%
GDP
– Gov’t debt 108.7%
– Inflation rate 5.2%
avg low 3: 1.17%
– Long term bond yield
9.8%
avg low 3: 5.57%
United Kingdom
– Gov’t deficit 1.9%
GDP
– Gov’t debt 53.4%
– Inflation rate 1.8%
avg low 3: 1.17%
– Long term bond yield
7%
avg low 3: 5.57%
Why not UK
Loses power to set
interest rates
It will be unable to
change exchange
rate
Long term interest
rates in EU-11 will
be similar
Phase A
Conform which
member states fulfill
necessary criteria
appoint exec board
of ECB
begin planning for
monetary policy to
begin 1/1/99
Phase B
monetary obligations
paid for in Euros
fix exchange rates for
stability
– stability is a must
Beginning of monetary
union
– $ exists on book, not
paper
national central banks
are no longer
independent
– national banks are
agents of ECB
Phase C
Part I
– 1/1/02 Circulation of
notes and coins
begins
Part II
– By 7/1/02 Old
National Currencies
lose legal tender
status
Advantages
Contender for world’s primary currency
simpler and quicker pricing of securities
belonging to bloc
new generic money standard
decreased unemployment
increased economic growth
Risks
Displacements of
the local or
perceived key
industries
One liquidity
adjustment affects
all
Speculation
Political pressure
S---L---O---W Progress
EU-11 must
cooperate more for
economic
advancement
more difficult for a
country to flourish
economically
Displacements
Top 3 GDP’s of EU-11
Ger: $2.12 trillion
Fra: $1.405 trillion
Ita: $1.144 trillion
% of EU-11 “GDP”
Ger: 33.53%
Fra: 22.22%
Ita: 18.10%
Speculation
Today Euro = $1.05
1/1/02 big rush to
change $$$
6/30/02 big rush to
change $$$
people more
interested in getting
Euro
Regulation
European Central Bank
– as of 1/1/99 national banks become agents
of ECB
ECB controls short term interest rates
and locks in exchange rates
ECB Format
ECSB
– European System of
Central Banks
ECB
– European Central
Bank
NCB
– National Central
Banks
Committees
– Governing Council
– Executive Board
– General Council
Executive Board
President--William Duisenberg
Vice President--Christian Noyen
4 appointed members of the ECB
– Implement monetary policies laid down by
Governing Council and gives instructions to
NCB’s
Governing Council
Executive Board and governors of NCB’s
participating in monetary union
– adopts guidelines to ensure performance of
tasks of ESCB
– makes monetary policy of community, key
interest rates and supplies of reserves in
ESCB
General Council
President and Vice President of ECB and
governors of all NCB’s
– prepare ECB finance reports and
statements
– prepare exchange rates for states with
derogation currency (currencies against
Euro, i.e. British Pound)
Conclusion
Advanced
Concept
Cooperation a
must
Very Risky