Transcript 847f8Green & White revolutions in India

Amity School of Business
Green revolution in India
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Green Revolution
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Background
The world's worst recorded food disaster happened in 1943
in British-ruled India. Known as the Bengal Famine, an
estimated four million people died of hunger that year
alone in eastern India (that included today's
Bangladesh).
With the partition of India in 1947 and a consequent influx
of refugees, the demand for food increased. Also, this
rise in demand could be attributed to population growth.
At the same time, the domestic food production was not
sufficient to cover this surge in food demand. Therefore,
at that time there was a pressing need to make India
self-sufficient in food. This led to the Green Revolution
in India.
Green Revolution
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The term "Green Revolution" is applied to the period 1967 1978. Between 1947 to 1967, efforts at achieving food
self-sufficiency were not much successful and were
largely concentrated on expanding farming areas.
However, Green Revolution focused on increasing yield.
Therefore, in India’s context, the introduction of highyielding varieties (HYV) of seeds, increased use of
fertilizers, mechanized farming, and irrigation after
1965 are collectively known as Green Revolution.
This resulted in increase in production of foodgrains,
especially wheat and rice, thereby making India selfsufficient in food grains.
Green Revolution
Amity School of Business
The program in India, was started with the help of the
United States-based Rockefeller Foundation and was
based on high-yielding varieties of wheat, rice, and
other grains that had been developed in Mexico and in
the Philippines. Dr. Norman Burling was the father of
green revolution (witnessed in 1943) in Mexico. He was
also the guiding force behind India’s green revolution
(1960’s). Of the high-yielding seeds, wheat produced
the best results. Production of coarse grains- maize,
bajra, jowar, millets and ragi, as well as pulses did not
benefit from the green revolution.
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Three basic elements of Green Revolution
(1) Continued expansion of farming areas;
(2) Double-cropping (having two crops per year);
(3) Use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds.
Advantages of Green Revolution
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1) The Green Revolution resulted in a record foodgrain
output of 131 million tons in 1978-79. This established
India as one of the world's largest agricultural producers.
India also started exporting food grains.
2) Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30 per
cent between 1947 to 1979, when the Green Revolution
was considered to have delivered its goods.
3) Crop area under HYV varieties grew from seven per cent
to 22 per cent of the total cultivated area during the 10
years of the Green Revolution.
Advantages of Green Revolution
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4) Industrial growth in fertilizer, pesticides, fungicides and
other chemicals created new jobs and contributed to the
country's GDP.
5) India paid back all loans it had taken from the World
Bank and its affiliates for the purpose of the Green
Revolution. This improved India's creditworthiness in
the eyes of the lending agencies.
6) Good crops as a result of green revolution lead to
economic prosperity of the farmer.
Some statistics on Indian Agriculture
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• Agriculture - a backbone of Indian economy
• Provides employment to around 60 % workforce of the country
• Share of Agriculture in National Income (GDP), 1999-00 prices:
Year
Agriculture (% of GDP)
1950-51
56.5
1970-71
46
1990-91
34
2000-01
24.7
2007-08
17.8
Note: Agriculture includes agriculture, forestry, and fishing.
Source: Economic Survey 2007-08
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Some statistics on Indian Agriculture
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• India’s Agricultural production
Foodgrains (m. tonnes)
1950-51
1964-65
1990-91
2008-09
51
89
176
230
39
12
9
122
6
74
55
19
241
7
99
78
28
289
23
Rice (m. tonnes)
21
Wheat (m. tonnes)
6
Oilseeds (m. tonnes)
5
Sugarcane (m. tonnes)
57
Cotton (m. bales)
3
Source: Economic Survey 2007-08
This increase in agricultural production in India after 1967-68
is mainly a result of green revolution.
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Limitations of Green revolution in India
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1) The fruits of Green revolution were mainly witnessed in
Punjab, Haryana, Western U.P. and some select districts of
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Further, its
success has been limited to wheat, rice, and maize. India has
failed to extend the concept of green revolution to all crops
or to all regions.
2) Indian agriculture – still a gamble of monsoons;
3) Use of HYV seeds and higher agricultural output requires
heavy investment in seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and water
(tube wells), and farm equipment (tractors, harvesters etc.).
These investments are beyond the capacity of small and
medium farmer. Therefore, the green revolution has mainly
benefited large capitalist farmers.
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White revolution in India
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White revolution in India
Amity School of Business
In India, Gujarat and Rajasthan had excess production as
compared to local consumption of milk. In 1970, the
National Dairy Development Board initiated activities like
milk collection from villages and towns, milk chilling
centres, processing plants, veterinary centres, and
strengthened the milk cooperative movement based on
Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL).
This was done through Operation Flood, with aid from the
Food and Agriculture Organisation. This ushered White
Revolution in India, making it the world's largest milk
producing country.
White revolution in India
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Dr Verghese Kurien was the Father of the White
Revolution in India.
Dr. Kurien set up GCMMF (Gujarat Cooperative Milk
Marketing Federation) in 1973 to sell milk & milk
products produced by the dairies. Today GCMMF sells
AMUL brand products not only in India but also overseas.
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