Transcript Section II Manufacturing Industry

Chapter 25
Australian
Economy
Unit 25 The Australian Economy
Section I Agriculture
Section II Manufacturing Industry
Section III Minerals and Energy Industry
Section IV Service Industries
Section V Trade
Section VI Problems in the Economy
Section I Agriculture
 Natural conditions
 Agricultural products
 Farms
 The history of agricultural development
1. Natural conditions
Harsh climatic - hot and dry
(the driest in the world)
The continent is large in size and rather flat
2. Agricultural products
Food and natural fibers - the world’s leading producer
Wool – the world’s largest exporter
Meat – the second
Wheat – the third
Sugar Fruits
Cotton
– the major supplier in the world
Rice
Dairy products
3. Farms
Vary in size: big and small
Two types:
commercial rural properties (125,000)
engaging in dairying, horticultural production and
sugarcane growing (one-third)
4. The history of agricultural
development (1)
In 1821
The first sale
of Australian
wool;
thus began
Australia’s
wool industry
the 1st
half of
20th C
Rural
production
continued
1950s
& 1960s
Domestic
protection
affected the
competitiveness of
Australian
agriculture
4. The history of agricultural
development (2)
In 1973
lost
preferential
access to the
British
market
1970s
& 1980s
difficult to
compete in
the world
markets
up to 1986
growth
2.7%
Section II Manufacturing Industry
Manufacturing in Australia began with
the making of bricks, plates and clay
pipes in Sydney in 1788.
Section II Manufacturing Industry
Today Australia has a broad industrial
base, a wide range of manufactured goods
from fashion garments to food, complex
electronic devices to household appliances,
from base metals to precision instruments.
(15% of GDP)
• Australian industries are highly
concentrated in terms of ownership
though moderate in size.
• There are about 14 large national
monopolies
in particularly
importantrelies
Inefficiency
• Australian
manufacturing
industries inheavily
Australia.
on foreign investment.
• Foreign-owned companies tend to be
more profitable
than their Australian
Generally, Australia’s
manufacturing
Concentration
Features
counterparts.
industries are due
to:
• its limited local market,
• its geographical isolation;
Foreign investment
• high levels of tariff protection
Section III The Minerals and Energy Industry
 Abundant in minerals and metals
– the world’s largest
 Major deposit of bauxite, mineral sands,
diamonds, black and brown coal
Coal – the world’s largest exporter
Crude oil and liquefied natural gas
 Heavily dependent on overseas market
New
Problems
1. Mineral access has
been restricted in
the name of
environmental
protection and
also a consequence
of the granting of
Aboriginal land
rights.
2. The high
incidence of
mining-related
diseases has
focused people’s
attention on the
very real health
hazards associated
with the industry.
Section IV Service Industry
Including banking, advertising,
transport and communications, tourism,
the retail trade, community services,
power and water utilities, building and
construction, information.
• the fastest-growing
sector
• information industry
• service exports
• tourism
• international education
services
• computer-based
technology (relying
on the US, Japan or
Europe)
Advantageous
Disadvantageous
Section V Trade
 A middle-level trading nation
 Trade--the backbone of the country
 Features: selling raw materials for
finished products (the home market is too
small; the overseas goods are cheaper)
 Specialization both negative and positive
• At the end of the 1940s,
Trade Partners
Australia's international
trade
was still dominated by Britain.
• After 1973, its trade with
Britain dropped.
• The US and Japan have
replaced Britain as major
trading partners of
Australia.
China has become
its top trading
partner since 2008.
Trade relations with China
 Developing rapidly
 3% of total exports and the same in
imports
 Complementary (Australia is rich in
natural resources; China is competitive in
labor-intensive products)
 A great potential for future
Section VI Problems in the Economy
Over-Reliance on Commodity Exports
Decline of its Share in World Trade
The Decline of Manufactures due to Tariffs
back
I.
Exercises
Fill in the blanks with
proper words or
expressions.
II. Explaining the
following in
English.
I. Fill in the blanks with proper words or
expressions.
1. Australia was once a Britain _______
penal
colony, and now it has become one of
the __________
developed countries in the world.
2. Manufacturing in Australia began with
the making of ______
bricks in Sydney in 1788.
3. It is estimated that ___%
of all
95
manufacturing firms are small
businesses.
4. In terms of ownership, Australia
concentrated
industries are highly ______________.
14 large national
There are about ___
monopolies in Australia.
5. Australia manufacturing relies heavily on
_______
foreign investment. Foreign-owned
companies in Australia tend to be more
___________
profitable than their Australian
counterparts.
6. Australian agriculture is till very
important in the country’s economy, but
declined in
its relative importance has ________
recent years.
7.
Australia is one of the world’s biggest
producers of minerals
________ and _______
metals in
the energy industry.
8. The ______________
manufacturing and _______
service
industry is now central to the Australian
economy.
9. The _____
gold boom of the 1850s brought
an increase in population and
investment.
10. In the past decades, Australian service
increased while imports
exports have _________
___________.
decreased
II. Explaining the following in English.
1. BHP
BHP Billiton is the world's largest mining
company. It is also the largest company in
Australia by market capitalization. It was
incorporated in 1885, operating the silver and
lead mine. It is also known by the nickname
"the Big Australian".
2. Bass Strait
Bass Strait is a sea strait
separating Tasmania from the
south of the Australian
mainland, specifically the state
of Victoria. There are over 50
islands in Bass Strait. A
number of oil and gas fields
exist there.
3. Australian service industries
Service industries are also called
“tertiary” industry. in Australia service
industries generally include banking,
advertising, transport and communications,
tourism, the retail trade, community services,
power and water utilities, building and
construction. The service sector now
includes an additional “quaternary” level,
which cover the research, processing and
storage of information.
4. police of protectionism in trade
Protectionism is the economic policy of
restraining trade between states. The term is
mostly used in the context of economics,
where protectionism refers to policies or
doctrines which protect businesses and
workers within a country by restricting or
regulating trade with foreign nations.
Questions for discussion
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What are the features of Australia
manufacturing industry?
How important is the mining industry to the
Australia economy?
Why has Australian service industry been
growing so fast in recent decades?
What are the factors that have affected
Australia’s trading patterns and international
economic relations?
What are the major problems associated with
the Australian economy?