Transcript Africian Nationalism

African Nationalism
SS7H1 The student will analyze continuity and
change in Africa leading to the 21st century.
a) Explain how the European partitioning across
Africa that resulted from the Berlin Conference
contributed to conflict, civil war, and to artificial political
boundaries?
b) Explain how nationalism led to independence in
South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria.
c) Explain the creation and end of apartheid in South
Africa and roles of Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk.
d) Explain the impact of the Pan-African movement.
Vocabulary - Nationalism
Loyalty to one’s nation; a sense of
national consciousness exalting one
nation above all others
and placing primary
emphasis on promotion
of its culture and
interests.
Important People and Groups
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana
Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya
African National Congress
Nelson Mandela of South Africa
F.W. DeKlerk of South Africa
Marcus Garvey of the US
The Berlin Conference and the
Partitioning of Africa
At the conclusion of the Berlin Conference in 1896,
Africa had been divided among the European nations
in the following manner:
Different tribes and ethnic groups – often those
who were enemies – were thrown together for the
convenience of the European rulers.
Catalyst to Change
There was little change in the “dark continent” until
the World Wars. These were the catalyst that
brought about change on the African continent.
1) During the wars, native Africans had fought beside
their colonial bosses, defending against Nazi and
Fascist forces in Libya, Ethiopia, and throughout
Europe. They were equal partners on the
battlefield. How could they be expected to be less
than equal in times of peace?
A Weakened Europe
2) Colonial powers of Britain and France lost
prestige during World War II as the United
States and the USSR (Soviet Union)
developed into the new superpowers.
The old European powerhouse was no
longer seen as “unbeatable.”
The Atlantic Charter
3) The Atlantic Charter created by Franklin D.
Roosevelt (US) and Prime Minister Winston
Churchill (GB) in 1941 had stated that their
principle in fighting World War II was to "respect
the right of all peoples to choose the form of
government under which they will live."
Many colonized people, especially the
educated African, wondered why this should
not apply to them, and they wanted that
freedom.
Economic Growth and
Urbanization
4) During the war, Africa benefited from demand in
Europe for its exports. By the end of World War II,
Africa had experienced considerable economic
growth and social change. In greater numbers
people were moving to cities (URBANIZATION).
 They were building roads and harbors and more
extensive rail and telegraphic networks. (Do you
recall the term we have learned for this?)
Africans were participating in this economic
growth and benefiting from it, and they wanted
to have a voice in maintaining and increasing
their prosperity.
Nationalist Movements
• Ghana (Gold Coast)
• Kenya
• Nigeria
• South Africa
Left or Right?
Marxist or Capitalist?
Some who favored
independence believed in free
enterprise, profits and
incentives. Others hated
capitalism. One of the Leftist
(communist) supporters was
Kwame Nkrumah, a man
educated in Christian
missionary schools and
graduated from an American
university. Nkrumah returned
to the Gold Coast (later
Ghana) after World War II and
joined the independence
movement there.
Ghana Under Nkrumah
 In 1949 Nkrumah formed his own
communist political party. In 1956,
after strikes and protests, Ghana won
its independence.
 Nkrumah nationalized businesses
and took over land (command
economy). Soon businesses began to
fail. Currency values fell so low that a
loaf of bread cost a day and half of
minimum wage labor! There was a
thriving black market and a
government full of corruption. For
example, Nkrumah’s close colleague,
Krobo Eduisei, owned twenty-seven
houses and a gold bed, while people
were dying of starvation.
Ghana’s Government Today
• Ghana was the first sub-Saharan country
to gain its independence.
• Today Ghana is a
constitutional democracy,
where the president and
parliament are elected
by direct vote of the
people.
Eastern Africa - Southern
Ethiopia
• Mursi Tribe of Ethiopia Labret (lip
extensions)
Kenya is renowned for the famous Serengeti animal reserves.
But lack of political stability has hurt the tourist economy.
Kenya
 Located in the hills of the Great Rift, Kenya offered choice
lands for colonial settlement. Many Kenyans thought that,
during the colonial period, the British had taken over their
land unfairly, so a group of them started a secret society
called the Mau Mau, who believed the only way to regain
their lands was through force.
 Though the British defeated the Mau Mau by 1954, there
was much native bloodshed, and support for the
organization among Kenyans continued. In all, it was
estimated that about 10,000 died in the various uprisings.
 The British eventually helped the Kenyans set up
democratic institutions and hold democratic elections.
 Jomo Kenyatta was elected president in 1963.
 Kenya is a republic, but for some periods has considered
only one political party legal.
Kenya Today
Kenyatta ruled the country for 15 years, then in
1969 Daniel arap Moi took over and declared
Kenya a single party state, and the government
remained under tight autocratic control until 2002.
There have been months of violence that
accompany elections, and Kenya is known for
graft (misuse of public funds) and corruption at
every level.
Kenya also suffered severe droughts in the early
2000s, as well as falling prices on cash crops of
tea, coffee, and horticultural products. Cash
crops are those grown for money, as opposed
to subsistence crops, used to feed or sustain
individual farmers.
Per capita GDP is $1800; literacy rate: 85%.
Kenya’s
Competing
Panoramas
Economics Standards
SS7E1 The student will analyze different economic systems.
a. Compare how traditional, command, and market economies
answer the economic questions of (1) what to produce, (2) how to
produce, and (3) for whom to produce.
b. Explain how most countries have a mixed economy located on a
continuum between pure market and pure command.
c. Compare and contrast the economic systems in South Africa and
Nigeria.
SS7E3 The student will describe factors that influence economic growth
and examine their presence or absence in Nigeria and South Africa.
a. Explain the relationship between investment in human capital
(education and training) and gross domestic product (GDP).
b. Explain the relationship between investment in capital (factories,
machinery, and technology) and gross domestic product (GDP).
c. Explain how the distribution of diamonds, gold, uranium, and oil
affects the economic development of Africa.
d. Describe the role of entrepreneurship. .
Nigeria and Adjacent Countries
Nigeria’s Government
Nigeria had been a part of the British Empire
through the end of the 19th Century.
Following World War II, in response to the growth of
Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence,
successive constitutions legislated by the British
government moved Nigeria toward self-government by
continually increasing Nigerian representation in
government and by building a federal democracy.
By the middle of the 20th century, as the great wave for
independence was sweeping across Africa, a series of
constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater
autonomy with full independence in 1960.
Following 15 years of military rule, a new constitution
was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian
government was completed.
Nigeria’s Government Today
Though both the 2003 and 2007 presidential
elections suffered legal challenges and
violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its
longest period of civilian rule since
independence. The general elections of April
2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian
transfer of power in the country's history.
Federal republic – The president serves a four
year term, and like the bicameral (2 houses)
legislature, is elected by popular vote.
 Ethnic Groups:
Nigeria, Africa's most
populous country, is
composed of more than 250
ethnic groups; the Hausa,
Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo are
the most populous and
influential, comprising about
68% of the population.
 Religions:
Muslim 50%, Christian 40%,
indigenous beliefs 10%
 Literacy Rate: (estimated)
total population: 68%
male: 75.7%
female: 60.6%
(May be <42%)
Less than 1% per year of GDP
spent on education!!
Nigeria’s People
Language Map showing some
of the more than 500 Nigerian
language groups.
Nigeria’s Economy
 Nigeria’s economy has been based almost completely on
petroleum exports since its discovery in the Niger delta in
1956. The government has controlled and wasted
those oil revenues through corruption and mismanagement. In recent years, they have been trying to form
democratic institutions.
 Nigeria is Africa’s biggest petroleum producer and a
member of OPEC. Petroleum represents 95% of
Nigeria’s exports (with 51% going to the US)! Cash crops
of cocoa and rubber make up the other 5%.
 However, 70% of the people are engaged in agriculture
with a per capita GDP of only $2,200.
Unemployment rate is 28%!
Who seems to be in charge and who
is benefiting most in this economy?
Nigeria’s Hope for Progress
In 2003, Nigeria began to deregulate and privatize
the country’s 4 oil refineries. Nigeria is trying to
shed the command economy for a market
economy; however, there is a very small group of
people who are becoming wealthy from this, and
the rest of Nigeria is falling into poverty.
Nigeria needs to invest in human resources and
education in order to progress. Currently Nigeria
invests less than 1% of the GDP on education.
Nigeria must diversify the economy and depend
less on petroleum, alone, as her chief source of
revenue in order to benefit her population.
Compare Nigeria’s Resources and
Economic Activity Maps to
Nigeria’s Population Centers
Where do
people choose
to live and why?
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/
maps/nigeria.html
Maps from Univ. of Texas
Perry Casteneda Library
Nigeria’s Other Top Issues
Refugees from Liberia’s civil war
IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) from
communal Muslim-Christian violence
Improvement of infrastructure, such as roads
and bridges
Illicit drugs: a transit point for heroin and
cocaine intended for European, East Asian, and
North American markets; consumer of
amphetamines; safe haven for Nigerian
narcotraffickers; major money-laundering
center; massive corruption and criminal activity.
What is
Money Laundering?
Money Laundering simply means that “dirty”
(illegal) money is made “clean” (legal).
Techniques became well-developed and refined
during Al Capone’s Prohibition era.
Usually involves transferring illegal money through
several countries so no one knows where it
originated.
Criminals disguise where money really came from,
as it would be seized by law enforcement if the true
source (drugs, weapons, prostitution, terrorism,
white collar crime) were revealed.
Why South
Africa Is
Such a Prize
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/south_africa_ind_1979.jpg
Why do people
live where they
do?
Europeans Come to South Africa
 South Africa had been settled by both the English and the
Dutch, with Dutch farmers founding the Cape Colony as far
back as the 1600’s to provide provisions for the Dutch East
India Company’s trading fleets.
 In the 19th century, Great Britain took over the Cape, and the
Boers (Dutch farmers) moved inland, establishing the
republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State. As
Europeans trekked further inland, they fought native Zulu
populations for land.
 The discovery of diamonds and gold in these lands in the
mid 1880s resulted in an English invasion which sparked the
Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). The British combined all the
European provinces, pushing the Dutch even further
northward. The descendents of these Dutch farmers
became the nucleus of the National Party responsible
for beginning South African Apartheid.
South Africa
Apartheid
Literally means “separateness” in
Afrikaans or “apartness”; a system of
legal racial segregation of whites and
non-whites enforced by the National
Party government of South Africa
between 1948 and 1994.
It was an attempt by the
minority to hold onto their
land and maintain power.
Beginning of Apartheid
Starting in 1948, the Nationalist
Government in South Africa enacted
Apartheid Legislation to define and
enforce segregation.
For example, the Group Areas Act of 1954,
forced different residential areas for different
races and forced removal of those already living
in restricted areas. There was forced separation
in public buildings
and transportation.
The Bantu Acts
 The Bantu Authority Act of 1951 established black
homelands where blacks were forced to live.
 The Bantu Education Act of 1953 compiled a
curriculum that suited the “nature and requirements of
the black people.” In order to prevent Africans from
receiving an education that would lead them to aspire to
positions they wouldn't be allowed to hold in society.
Instead Africans were to receive an education designed
to provide them with skills to serve their own people in
the homelands or to work in laboring jobs under whites.
 Bantu Homelands Citizens Act of 1970
Compelled all black people to become a citizen of the
homeland assigned to their ethnic group, regardless of
whether they'd ever lived there or not, and removed their
South African citizenship, and of course any rights they
would have as citizens of South Africa.
Typical Homeland
Pass Laws
 These were the most despised part of the Apartheid
structure. The Pass Laws Act of 1952 required black
South Africans to carry a pass book, or dompas,
everywhere and at all times. These were similar to a
passport, but contained extensive information:
fingerprints, photograph, personal details of employment,
permission from the government to be in a particular part
of the country, qualifications to work in an area, and an
employer's reports on worker performance and behavior.
 If a worker displeased an employer, the worker could be
“endorsed out” of an area without reason or explanation.
Family members of a worker who was “endorsed out”
would also be evicted. Forgetting to carry the dompas,
misplacing it, or having it stolen rendered one liable to
arrest and imprisonment. Each year, over 250,000
blacks were arrested for technical offenses under the
Pass Laws.
The Hated Pass Book
African National Congress
In 1912, the African National Congress (ANC)
was formed to defend the rights of all African
peoples.
For about 35 years, the ANC was convinced that
there could be a peaceful road to equality and
rights.
In 1960, the ANC was declared an illegal
organization and was forced to go underground.
In 1961, they were left with no other choice but
to take up arms against the white African
government by forming an underground group
called Umkhonto to sabotage public buildings.
Nelson Mandela was a member of Umkhonto,
was picked up, and spent 18 years in prison for
his involvement with the ANC.
Wearing Down Apartheid
Despite the efforts of the ANC, the apartheid
system continued to grow stronger.
In the 1970's, increasing prices made it more
difficult to survive on small incomes. Strikes broke
out and workers walked away from jobs demanding
higher wages.
The Party had taken funding from the black schools
and forced closure of the mission schools so that
only 1 in 5 Soweto children attended school. Then
in 1974, a law was passed ordering all native
children to be educated in Afrikaans and English.
Afrikaans was the language of the hated Dutch
minority. In June of 1976, 10,000 students engaged
in peaceful protest against the use of the Afrikaans
language at schools.
Soweto Uprisings
The Soweto uprising or Soweto riots were a
series of clashes in Soweto, South Africa on
June 16, 1976 between black youths and the
South African authorities. The riots grew out of
protests against the policies of the National
Party government and its apartheid regime.
 Feeling threatened, police opened fire on the
students. This led to an uprising that spread to
other parts of the country. In the end, over 1000
blacks were dead, most killed by police.
Soweto Slums of Johannesburg
This is how Soweto, a former township from the days of apartheid, looked in
the late 1970s (Soweto = SOuthWEstTOwnship). Today Soweto is the
most populated urban area in South Africa, with close to 3 million people.
It boasts the largest public hospital in the world, an active cultural life,
and the early home of Nelson Mandela. Today many lovely homes have
been built here, and the area is a center for black culture.
At traffic circle, a memorial
to students killed in 1976
Hector Peterson, first victim of
the police action in Sharpeville
Massacre in 1960
External Pressure to End
Apartheid
Following the Sharpeville massacre, the
United Nations placed an oil and arms
embargo on South Africa. An embargo is
a type of trade barrier prohibiting trade
with a certain country. The goal is to
isolate that country and put its government
into a difficult economic situation. It is a
type of political pressure often used to
force a country to discontinue certain
behaviors.
The End of Apartheid
 As resistance to apartheid continued to grow, a state of
emergency was declared in some parts of South Africa in
July of 1985. It lasted for six months and eventually led to
the declaration of a national state of emergency in June of
1986. This national state of emergency continued through
1990.
 In February of 1990, the Apartheid regime was forced to
officially recognize the ANC and try to solve South Africa's
problems peacefully.
 At the 1991 National Conference of the ANC, Nelson
Mandela was elected president. On May 10, 1994 he was
inaugurated as the first black President of South Africa.
 The ANC is currently the leading party in the Government of
National Unity in South Africa.
Nelson
Mandela
and
Robben
Island
Prison
“During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of
the African people. I have fought against white domination,
and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished
the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons
live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an
ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it
is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”
Frederick W. de Klerk
F.W. deKlerk was the last Nationalist South
African white president; deKlerk ended the
system of apartheid. He then became
deputy president with first black president,
Nelson Mandela for two years. Both shared
the Nobel Peace Prize.
A New Day for
South Africa
and the World
South Africa’s
People
 Ethnic Groups: black
African 79%, white 9.6%,
colored 8.9%,
Indian/Asian 2.5%
 Religions:
80% Christian, 15% none,
1.5% Muslim, plus other
 Literacy Rate:
total population: 86%, both
male and female
5.4% GDP spent on
education
South Africa’s Government
The Republic of South Africa
is a federal constitutional
democracy with a three-tier
system of government, much like
we have in the United States.
The national, provincial, and
local levels of government all
have legislative and executive
authority of their own. The
Constitution is the Supreme Law
of the Land, as in the US.
There are three capitals:
executive in Pretoria, legislative
in Cape Town, and judicial in
Bloemfontein.
South Africa National
Assembly in Capetown,
South Africa
“Unity in Diversity”
South Africa’s Economy
South Africa has developed from an agrarian into a
modern industrial state since World War II.
Today, the economy is well-diversified and the
country is capable of producing a wide range of
consumer and investment goods. South Africa
produces one fifth of the entire production of the
African continent.
The mining industry still plays a prominent part;
South Africa is the world’s largest producer and
exporter of gold, and platinum, as well as other
metals and minerals, machinery and equipment.
In recent years the government
has privatized many industries,
as it moves toward a market economy.
South Africa’s Two Economies
Africa has a two-layered economy. The formal
market economy described on the previous slide
can easily compete with any other developed,
industrialized country. The other informal
economy has the basic infrastructure of a
developing country, showing very uneven
distribution of income and wealth. Only recently
has there been the beginning of a black middle
class, the sign of real economic progress.
The average per capita GDP is $10,400 per year,
but unemployment rate is over 20%; in poorer
areas such as Soweto, unemployment is at 60%!
The Brain Drain
In the past several years, South Africa has suffered
from Brain Drain or human capital flight, which is a
large emigration of individuals with technical
skills or knowledge, normally due to conflict, lack
of opportunity, political instability, or health risks.
Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost,
since emigrants usually take with them the part of
their training sponsored by the government.
It is estimated that 150,000 educated individuals
(specialists in health care, technology, etc.) leave
Africa each year. This is devastating to the poor
majority that lose doctors, nurses, scientists,
teachers, etc., and threatens the overall future of the
country, particularly one with an AIDS prevalence
rate of over 20%.
African Diaspora
Diaspora – dispersion, literally
“scattering of seeds”; refers to people
of similar ethnic identity who leave or
are forced to leave a settled area;
for example, the Jews or slaves from
Africa.
People of African origin living outside
the continent; Africans and their
descendants who live throughout the
world.
Pan Africanism
 A movement, which seeks to unify
both native Africans and the African
Diaspora, as part of a "global African
community."
 A political movement that calls for all
African countries to be politically
united (the root word “pan” means all).
Pan Africanism
In the early 1900s, a movement was started to
secure equal rights, self-government,
independence, and unity for African peoples.
Inspired by Marcus Garvey, it encouraged the
study of African history and culture.
 Several African nationalist figures, such as
Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) and Jomo Kenyatta
(Kenya) pushed for autonomy and independence
of all the African countries.
With independence, however, most African
countries became more focused on their own
competing national interests than on the
interests of the continent, as a whole.
Marcus Garvey
1887 – 1940
Pan Africanism
Born in Jamaica, Marcus
Garvey formed his early
ideas of black separatism
under the island's caste
system. In 1914, he formed
the Universal Negro
Improvement Association to
promote black self-reliance.
Garvey moved to the U.S. in
1916 and spread his beliefs
with his Negro World
newspaper. His paper and
ideas were very successful,
but he never achieved his
dream of blacks being
reunited in Africa.
South Africa Snapshot
PCGDP
Unemployment
People living under
Poverty Line
HIV/AIDS rate
Literacy Rate
$11,000
24%
50%!!!
18%
86%
• South Africa also supports about 90,000 refugees
and asylum seekers from the DRC, Somalia,
Zimbabwe, and Burundi.
•World’s largest market for illegal meth!
Vocabulary
• Imperialism – a stronger country taking over
a weaker country.
• Coup d’etat – a forceful, usually military take
over of a country.
• Refugee – People who leave their country to
go to another country to escape a horrible
condition such as famine, war, religious or
persecution.
• IDP’s – People who are forced to relocate in
their country.
Vocabulary continued
• Money Laundering – Passing money through
several different businesses or banks to make
it appear legal.
• Subsistence Agriculture – Growing enough
crops to barley support your own family.
• Nationalism – A strong support of patriotism
in one’s own country.
• Embargo – A economic ban on trade to force
a country to change how they do something.
Vocabulary continued
• Nationalize – a term used when a
government takes over a business.
• Apartheid – A Dutch Boer term meaning
apartness or separation of races.
• Federal – The type of government that has
layers of powers or responsibilities.
• Catalyst – Something that causes a
change.
Conflict and Change: The student will understand
that when there is conflict between or within
societies, change is the result.
Essential Questions to Discuss:
1) How did European partitioning of Africa contribute to
conflict, civil war, and to the creation of artificial political
boundaries?
2) How did nationalism lead to independence in Ghana,
Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa?
3) How was apartheid created and dissolved in South Africa?
What are the long lasting effects?
4) What role did Nelson Mandela and F. W. deKlerk play in
the end of apartheid?
5) What is the impact of the Pan-Africa movement on the
continent of Africa? What was the role of Marcus Garvey?
6) Discuss the “buzz words” for market and command
economy and their meaning.