Transcript UM POUCO DA CHINA

18.000 km de costa continental; mais de cinco mil
ilhas, das quais Taiwan e Hainan são as maiores
 Durante séculos a China foi uma civilização líder,
ultrapassando o resto do mundo nas artes e nas
ciências;
 Durante o século 19 e o inicio do século, o pais foi palco
de revoltas internas, grandes fomes, derrotas militares e
ocupação estrangeira.
 Após a segunda guerra mundial MAO assume o poder,
estabelecendo um sistema socialista autocrático;
 Após 1978, seu sucessor DENG Xiaoping , junto com
outros, estabelece um programa de desenvolvimento
econômico orientado pelo mercado.
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Area total: 9.596.960 km2 (de terra: 9.326.410 km 2; de água : 270.550 km2
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População: 1.330.044.544 habitantes
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Composição etária:
0-14 anos: 20.1% (H: 142.085.665/M: 125.300.391)
15-64 anos: 71.9% (H: 491.513.378/M: 465.020.030)
65 anos e acima: 8% (H: 50.652.480/M:55.472.661)
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Idade média da população: 33,6 anos
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Taxa de crescimento da população:
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Taxa de nascimento: 13,71 nascimentos/1.000 população
0.629%
 Taxa de mortalidade infantil: 21,16 mortes/ 1.000
nascimentos
 Expectativa de vida ao nascimento: 73,18 anos
 Taxa de fertilidade: 1.77 crianças nascidas /
mulher
 GDP (purchasing power parity):
 GDP (official exchange rate):
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$6.991 trillion (2007 est.)
$3.251 trillion (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 11.4% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): $5,300 (2007 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 11.3% industry: 48.6%
services: 40.1% (2007 est.)
Labor force:
803.3 million (2007 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 43% industry: 25% services:
32% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate:
4% unemployment in urban areas; substantial
unemployment and underemployment in rural areas (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line: 8% note: 21.5 million rural population
live below the official "absolute poverty" line (approximately $90 per
year); and an additional 35.5 million rural population above that but
below the official "low income" line (approximately $125 per year) (2006
est.)
GDP RANKING
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World $ 65,610,000,000,000 2007 est.
European Union
$ 14,380,000,000,000 2007 est.
3
4
5
6
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United States $ 13,840,000,000,000 2007 est.
China $ 6,991,000,000,000 2007 est.
Japan $ 4,290,000,000,000 2007 est.
India $ 2,989,000,000,000 2007 est.
Germany
$ 2,810,000,000,000 2007 est.
United Kingdom
$ 2,137,000,000,000 2007 est.
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Russia $ 2,088,000,000,000 2007 est.
France $ 2,047,000,000,000 2007 est.
Brazil $ 1,836,000,000,000 2007 est
 Climate:
extremely diverse; tropical in south to
subarctic in north
 Terrain:
mostly mountains, high plateaus,
deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east
 Natural resources:
coal, iron ore, petroleum,
natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony,
manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite,
aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower
potential (world's largest)
 Land use: arable land: 14.86% permanent crops:
1.27% other: 83.87% (2005)
 A China é o país mais densamente povoado do
mundo. Mais de 1,33 bilhões de habitantes, dos
quais mais de 40% nas cidades. Estritos
controles populacionais estão em vigor há várias
décadas, e o governo pretende limitar a
população para 1,37 bilhões até 2010. No
entanto, a população da grande Pequim, por
exemplo, aproxima-se dos 15 milhões de
habitantes.
 Environment - current issues: air pollution
(greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates)
from reliance on coal produces acid rain; water
shortages, particularly in the north; water
pollution from untreated wastes; deforestation;
estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land
since 1949 to soil erosion and economic
development; desertification; trade in
endangered species
 Ethnic groups:
Han Chinese 91.5%, Zhuang, Manchu,
Hui, Miao, Uyghur, Tujia, Yi, Mongol, Tibetan, Buyi, Dong,
Yao, Korean, and other nationalities 8.5% (2000 census)
 Religions:
Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Christian 3%-4%,
Muslim 1%-2% note: officially atheist (2002 est.)
 Languages: Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua,
based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu
(Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (HokkienTaiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority
languages (see Ethnic groups entry)
 Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.9% male: 95.1% female: 86.5% (2000
census)
 School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 11 years male: 11 years female: 11 years (2006)
 Administrative divisions:
23 provinces (sheng, singular and
plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4
municipalities (shi, singular and plural) provinces: Anhui, Fujian,
Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan,
Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi,
Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note on Taiwan)
autonomous regions: Guangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Xinjiang Uygur,
Xizang (Tibet) municipalities: Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin
note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for
the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau
 Independence:
221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in
Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Manchu Dynasty replaced by a Republic); 1
October 1949 (People's Republic established)
 National holiday:
Anniversary of the Founding of the People's
Republic of China, 1 October (1949)
 Constitution:
most recent promulgation 4 December 1982
 Executive branch: chief of state: President HU Jintao (since
15 March 2003); Vice President XI Jinping (since 15 March
2008) head of government: Premier WEN Jiabao (since 16
March 2003); Executive Vice Premier LI Keqiang (17 March
2008), Vice Premier HUI Liangyu (since 17 March 2003), Vice
Premier ZHANG Deijiang (since 17 March 2008), and Vice
Premier WANG Qishan (since 17 March 2008) cabinet: State
Council appointed by National People's Congress (NPC)
elections: president and vice president elected by National
People's Congress for a five-year term (eligible for a second
term); elections last held 15-17 March 2008 (next to be held
in mid-March 2013); premier nominated by president,
confirmed by National People's Congress election results:
HU Jintao elected president by National People's Congress
with a total of 2,963 votes; XI Jinping elected vice president
with a total of 2,919 votes
 Legislative branch:
unicameral National People's
Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (2,987 seats;
members elected by municipal, regional, and provincial
people's congresses, and People's Liberation Army to serve
five-year terms) elections: last held December 2007February 2008; date of next election - NA election results:
percent of vote - NA; seats - 2,987
 Judicial branch:
Supreme People's Court (judges
appointed by the National People's Congress); Local
People's Courts (comprise higher, intermediate, and basic
courts); Special People's Courts (primarily military,
maritime, railway transportation, and forestry courts)
 Political parties and leaders:
Chinese Communist
Party or CCP [HU Jintao]; eight registered small parties
controlled by CCP
 Economy - overview: China's economy during the last quarter century
has changed from a centrally planned system that was largely closed to
international trade to a more market-oriented economy that has a
rapidly growing private sector and is a major player in the global
economy. Reforms started in the late 1970s with the phasing out of
collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual
liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for
state enterprises, the foundation of a diversified banking system, the
development of stock markets, the rapid growth of the non-state sector,
and the opening to foreign trade and investment. China has generally
implemented reforms in a gradualist or piecemeal fashion, including
the sale of minority shares in four of China's largest state banks to
foreign investors and refinements in foreign exchange and bond
markets in 2005. After keeping its currency tightly linked to the US
dollar for years, China in July 2005 revalued its currency by 2.1% against
the US dollar and moved to an exchange rate system that references a
basket of currencies. Cumulative appreciation of the renminbi against
the US dollar since the end of the dollar peg reached 15% in January 2008.
The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have
contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Measured
on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, China in 2007 stood as the
second-largest economy in the world after the US, although in per capita
terms the country is still lower middle-income. Annual inflows of
foreign direct investment in 2007 rose to $75 billion. By the end of 2007,
more than 5,000 domestic Chinese enterprises had established direct
investments in 172 countries and regions around the world.
 The Chinese government faces several economic development challenges: (a)
to sustain adequate job growth for tens of millions of workers laid off from
state-owned enterprises, migrants, and new entrants to the work force; (b) to
reduce corruption and other economic crimes; and (c) to contain
environmental damage and social strife related to the economy's rapid
transformation. Economic development has been more rapid in coastal
provinces than in the interior, and approximately 200 million rural laborers
have relocated to urban areas to find work. One demographic consequence of
the "one child" policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging
countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air
pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the
north - is another long-term problem. China continues to lose arable land
because of erosion and economic development. In 2007 China intensified
government efforts to improve environmental conditions, tying the evaluation
of local officials to environmental targets, publishing a national climate change
policy, and establishing a high level leading group on climate change, headed
by Premier WEN Jiabao. The Chinese government seeks to add energy
production capacity from sources other than coal and oil as its double-digit
economic growth increases demand. Chinese energy officials in 2007 agreed to
purchase five third generation nuclear reactors from Western companies. More
power generating capacity came on line in 2006 as large scale investments including the Three Gorges Dam across the Yangtze River - were completed.
 Distribution of family income - Gini index: 47 (2007)
 Agriculture - products:
rice, wheat, potatoes, corn,
peanuts, tea, millet, barley, apples, cotton, oilseed; pork;
fish
 Industries: mining and ore processing, iron, steel,
aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building;
armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement;
chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including
footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing;
transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars
and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; telecommunications
equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites
 Industrial production growth rate:
13.4% (2007 est.)
 Exports - commodities: machinery, electrical
products, data processing equipment, apparel, textile,
steel, mobile phones
 Exports - partners:
US 19.4%, Hong Kong 15.2%,
Japan 8.4%, South Korea 4.6%, Germany 4.1% (2006)
 Imports:
$901.3 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
 Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment,
oil and mineral fuels, plastics, LED screens, data
processing equipment, optical and medical
equipment, organic chemicals, steel, copper
 Ranking dos países
1. Mundo 2.168.433.600
2. China
2005
2007
547.286.000
3. União Europeia 466.000.00 2005
4. Estados Unidos 255.000.000
2007
5. India
233.620.000
2007
6. Russia
150.000.000
2006
7. Brasil
120.980.000
2007
8. Japão
107.339.000
2007
 Television broadcast stations:
3,240 (of which
209 are operated by China Central Television, 31
are provincial TV stations, and nearly 3,000 are
local city stations) (1997)
 Internet country code:
.cn
 Internet hosts: 10.637 million (2007)
 Internet users: 253 million (2008)
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World
1,018,057,389
China
253,000,000
European Union 247,000,000
United States
223,000,000
Japan87,540,000
India 60,000,000
Brazil
42,600,000
2005
2008
2006
2008
2006
2005
2006
 Chinese MoneyThe official currency in China is the
Renminbi (RMB or CNY) or in Chinese "Ren-min-bi".
which translates as" the people's money", and is
generally used in the same way we use the word'
currency'- the Renmibi exchange rate, for instance.
The basic unit is the yuan (also known as "kuai"),
which is used to express all quantities including
prices in shops etc. The yuan comes in paper notes of
1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 yuan notes, and 1 yuan coins. 1
yuan equals 10 jiao(or mao). Always check your change
to be sure that you have not confused jiao and yuan.
Jiao notes and coins can be useful is you want to drop
small change into a beggar's bowl.
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Chinese FoodExperience Peking Duck in Beijing or eat the food of the Ming
emperors, explore the world of Chinese cuisine with China Highlights to get the
real tastes of China.Join us to experience the real Chinese cuisine!"Food" has a
special meaning to the Chinese people. The ‘waste not, want not's ethos means
that a surprising range and variety of plants and animals, and every part of a
plant or animal is used. This has given rise to a remarkable diversity in the
regional cuisine, but to Westerners it can be overwhelming - surprising, fantastic,
delicious, horrifying or disgusting-and above all, different. Travelers are often
surprised that it is not like the Chinese take-away in their home town.However,
China is also a gourmet's paradise, and the food can be outstanding, if you know
what to order. It includes a lot of fresh vegetables, meat, noodles, rice, fish,
dumplings and regional specialties, with an amazing number of ways to prepare,
spice, serve, pickle or preserve the food. Chinese FoodMost restaurants provide
tea free of charge. This is normally green tea, or similar.Cutlery can be ordered if
wished.Tipping is not expected, although service charges may be included in the
more expensive restaurants.Street food can be excellent – and cooked as you
wait. However, you should be aware that sometimes that noodle broth may
include horse meat or other creatures that are not usually eaten where you come
from.
CHINESE NATIONAL FLAG
 China National FlagThe National Flag of China has bright red
bases with five golden stars adorning it on the upper left side
corner. The star on the left is larger than the other four, and it
represents the Communist Party of China. The other four
represents millions of Chinese people. The bright red color
represents the great and sacred communist revolution led by
Communist Party of China. The whole flag means Chinese
people can overcome all the difficulties, defeat all the enemies
and invaders and succeed in all the revolutions and
constructions under the leadership of Communist Party of
China. On October 1st, 1949, the present Chinese flag was first
hoisted in the Tiananmen Square on the occasion of the
foundation of the People's Republic of China.The designer of
National flag is Zeng liansong (1917-1999) he was an economist in
Shanghai, also a member of the standing committee of the
CPPCC Shanghai committee. When he was young he joined the
Liberation War against Japan. In 1999, he died of illness.
 Ancient Times (from Antiquity to A.D. 1840)China, has a
recorded history of nearly 4,000.Anthropologists have
uncovered the remains of China's earliest discovered
hominid, "Yuanmou Man," who lived approximately 1.7
million years ago. "Peking Man," who lived to the southwest
of modern Beijing 400,000 to 500,000 years ago, had the
basic characteristics of Homosapiens. Man in China passed
from primitive society to slave society in the 21st century
B.C., with the founding of China's first dynasty, that of the
Xia. The subsequent dynasties, the Shang (16th-11th
century B.C.) and the Western Zhou (11th century-770 B.C.)
saw further development of slave society. This era was
followed by the Spring and Autumn and Warring States
periods (770-221 B.C.), marking the transition from the
slave society to feudal society.
 In 221 B.C., Ying Zheng, a man of great talent and bold vision,
ended the rivalry among the independent principalities in the
Warring States Period and established the first centralized,
unified, multi-ethnic state in Chinese history under the Qin
Dynasty (221-207 B.C.), and called himself Shi Huang Di (First
Emperor), historically known as Qin Shi Huang, or First
Emperor of the Qin Dynasty. During his reign, Qin Shi Huang
standardized the script, currencies, and weights and measures,
established the system of prefectures and counties, and
constructed the world-renowned Great Wall as well as a large
palace, mausoleum and temporary regal lodges respectively in
Xianyang, Lishan and other places. At the end of the Qin
Dynasty, Liu Bang, a peasant leader, overthrew the Qin regime in
cooperation with Xiang Yu, an aristocratic general. A few years
later, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and established the strong Han
Dynasty in 206 B.C.
 In the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), agriculture,
handicrafts and commerce were well developed. During the
reign of Emperor Wudi (Liu Che, 140-87 B.C.), the Han
regime reached the period of its greatest prosperity: The
emperor conquered the Xiongnu nomads, and sent Zhang
Qian as envoy to the Western Regions (Central Asia), and
in the process pioneered the route known as the “Silk
Road” from the Han capital Chang' an through Xinjiang
and to Europe. In 33 B.C., Wang Zhaojun, a palace maiden,
was married to Huhanxie, chieftain of the Xiongnu, leaving
a moving story about marriage ties between the Han and
the Xiongnu. The multi-ethnic country became more
consolidated. The Han regime existed for a total of 426
years. It was followed by the Three Kingdoms Period (220265) of Wei, Shu and Wu.
 The Three Kingdoms Period was followed by the Jin (265-420), the
Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589), and the Sui Dynasty (581618). In 618, Li Yuan founded the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Later, Li
Shimin (r. 626-649), son of Li Yuan, ascended the throne as Emperor
Taizong, who was one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history. After
the Tang Dynasty, there came the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
(907-960). In 960, General Zhao Kuangyin of the Later Zhou Dynasty
rose in mutiny, and founded the Song Dynasty (960-1279). In 1206,
Genghis Khan unified all the tribes in Mongolia and founded the
Mongol Khanate. In 1271, his grandson, Kublai Khan, conquered the
Central Plain, founded the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) and made Dadu
(today' s Beijing) the capital. During the Song and Yuan dynasties,
handicraft industry and domestic and foreign trade boomed. Many
merchants and travelers came from abroad. Marco Polo came from
Venice and traveled extensively in China, later describing the country' s
prosperity in his Travels. The "four great inventions" of the Chinese
people in ancient times—paper making, printing, the compass and
gunpowder—were further developed in the Song and Yuan dynasties,
and introduced to foreign countries during this time.
 In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty (1368-
1644) in Nanjing, and reigned as Emperor Taizu. When his
son, and successor, Zhu Di, ascended the throne, he started
to build the palace, temples, city walls and moat in Beijing.
In 1421, he officially made Beijing his capital.In the late
Ming Dynasty, the Manchus in northeast China grew in
strength. Under the leadership of Nurhachi, the Manchus
invaded the Central Plain for three generations in
succession, and finally founded the Qing Dynasty (16441911). The two most famous emperors of the Qing Dynasty
were Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661-1772) and Emperor Qianlong
(r. 1735-1796). The Kangxi and Qianlong reign periods were
known as the "times of prosperity."
 Modern PeriodThe Opium War of 1840 marked a turning
point in Chinese history. From early in the 19th century,
Britain smuggled large quantities of opium into China,
causing a great outflow of Chinese silver and grave
economic disruption in China. In 1839, the Qing
government sent Commissioner Lin Zexu to Guangdong to
put into effect the prohibition on opium trafficking. When,
in an effort to protect its opium trade, Britain initiated the
First Opium War in 1840, the Chinese people rose in armed
struggle against the invaders under the leadership of Lin
Zexu and other patriotic generals. But the corrupt and
incompetent Qing government capitulated to the foreign
invaders time and again, and finally signed the Treaty of
Nanjing with Britain, a treaty of national betrayal and
humiliation. From then on, China was reduced to a semicolonial and semi-feudal country.
 After the Opium War, Britain, the United States, France, Russia and
Japan forced the Qing government to sign various unequal treaties,
seized "concessions" and divided China into "spheres of influence." To
oppose the twin evils of feudal oppression and foreign aggression, the
Chinese people waged heroic struggles, with many national heroes
coming to the fore. The Revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
in 1851, led by Hong Xiuquan, was the largest peasant uprising in
modern Chinese history. The Revolution of 1911, a bourgeoisdemocratic revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, ended the rule of the
Qing Dynasty. The monarchical system was discarded with the
founding of the provisional government of the Republic of China. The
Revolution of 1911 is of great significance in modern Chinese history.
But the fruits of victory were soon compromised by concessions on the
part of the Chinese bourgeoisie, and the country entered a period of
domination by the Northern Warlords headed by Yuan Shikai. The
people lived in an abyss of misery in this period.
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New Democratic Revolution PeriodUnder the influence of the October
Revolution in Russia, China's May 4th Movement arose. During this great antiimperialist, anti-feudal revolutionary movement led by patriotic students, the
Chinese proletariat for the first time mounted the political stage. The May 4th
Movement marked the change of the old democratic revolution to the new
democratic revolution. It enabled Marxism-Leninism to further spread and link
up with the Chinese people’s revolutionary practice, and prepared the ideology as
well as the cadres necessary for the founding of the Communist Party of China. In
1921, Mao Zedong, Dong Biwu, Chen Tanqiu, He Shuheng, Wang Jinmei, Deng
Enming and Li Da, representing the communist groups in different places
throughout the nation, held the First National Congress in Shanghai, founding
the Communist Party of China (CPC). In 1924, Sun Yat-sen, pioneer of China’s
democratic revolution and the founder of the Kuomintang (KMT), worked
together with the Communist Party of China to organize workers and peasants
for the Northern Expedition (historically known as the Great Revolution). After
Sun Yat-sen passed away, the right-wing clique of the KMT headed by Chiang Kaishek staged a counter-revolutionary coup d'etat in 1927, murdering Communists
and revolutionary people, and founded the Kuomintang regime in Nanjing. Thus
the Great Revolution ended in failure. After that, the CPC led the Chinese people
to wage the 10-year Agrarian Revolution War against the reactionary rule of the
Kuomintang, which is also known as the "10-Year Civil War".
 In July 1937, Japan launched all-out aggression against China.
The Kuomintang armies started a series of battles, which gave
relentless blows at the Japanese invaders. In the enemy’s rear
area, the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army, under
the leadership of the CPC, fought against most of the Japanese
forces, and almost all the puppet armies under extremely
difficult conditions, thus playing a decisive role in the victory of
the War of Resistance against Japan.From June 1946, the
Kuomintang armies launched an all-round attack on the
Liberated Areas led by the CPC, and an unprecedented largescale civil war started. To thoroughly emancipate the Chinese
people, the CPC led the army and people in the Liberated Areas
to start the nationwide War of Liberation.Through the LiaoxiShenyang, Huai-Hai and Beiping-Tianjin campaigns, the CPC
overthrew the rule of the Kuomintang and won a great victory in
the new democratic revolution in 1949.
 Contemporary Period (1949- )From September 21 to 30, 1949, the First
Plenum of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference
(CPPCC) was held in Beijing, with the participation of various political
parties, popular organizations, non-Party democrats and
representatives from all walks of life. The CPPCC drew up a Common
Program, which served as a provisional constitution. It elected a Central
People's Government Council, with Mao Zedong as Chairman, and
appointed Zhou Enlai Premier of the Government Administration
Council and concurrently Minister of Foreign Affairs. On October 1 1949,
Chairman Mao Zedong solemnly proclaimed the formal establishment
of the People's Republic of China.The early days of New China were a
period of economic recovery and China established and expanded basic
industries necessary for full industrialization. The 10 years from 1957 to
the beginning of the "cultural revolution" in 1966 was the period in
which China started large-scale socialist construction. The nation's total
industrial fixed assets quadrupled between 1956 and 1966, and the
national income increased by 58 percent in terms of constant prices.
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Chinese ChronologyDynasties
Period
Xia
2205 B.C.-1766 B.C.
Shang
1766 B.C.-1122 B.C.
ZhouWestern Zhou
1122 B.C.-770 B.C.
Eastern Zhou
770 B.C.-256 B.C.
Spring & Autumn Annals
770 B.C.-476 B.C.
Warring States Period
475 B.C.-221 B.C.
Qin
221 B.C.-207 B.C.
Han Western Han
206 B.C.- 24
Eastern Han
25-220
Three Kingdoms Period
Wei
220-265
Shu
221-263
Wu
222-280
 Jin
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Western Jin
265-316
Eastern Jin
317-420
Southern and Northern Dynasties
Southern Dynasty
Song
420-479
Qi
479-502
Liang
502-557
Chen
557-589
Northern Dynasty
Northern Wei
386-534
Eastern Wei
534-550
Northern Qi
550-577
Western Wei
535-556
Northern Zhou 557-580
Sui
581-618
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Tang
618-907
Five Dynasties Later Liang
907-923
Later Tang
923-936
Later Jin
936-947
Later Han
947-950
Later Zhou
951-960
Song Northern Song
960-1127
Southern Song
1127-1280
Liao
916-1125
Jin
1115-1234
Yuan
1271-1368
Ming
1368-1644
Qing
1644-1911
Republic of China
1911- 1949
People's Republic of China
1949-