Transcript Charles H. Riemenschneider - AIARD Association for International

Meeting the Millennium Development
Goals: Lessons Learned from 60 Years
of FAO Experience
Charles Riemenschneider
Director, Liaison Office for North America
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO)
Millennium Development Goals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Achieve universal primary education
Promote gender equality and empower women
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability
Develop a global partnership for development
842 million are undernourished
Number of undernourished people in the developing world: observed
and projected ranges compared with the World Food Summit target.
Millions
1000
Millions
1000
900
900
800
800
700
Business as
usual
Undernourished People
in Developing Countries
600
Point estimates prepared
in 2003
500
815 million
On track
400
Point estimates made in 2003
300
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Our knowledge and understanding of
hunger reduction imply 7 key lessons
Lesson 1: Economic growth is necessary
but not sufficient for hunger reduction
1990-2002
High
China
India
Indonesia
Average GDP growth rate p.c. (>3.5%)
Peru
Ghana
Vietnam
Low
High
Jamaica
Venezuela
Zambia
Chad
Niger
Syria
Change in
undernourishment (>7%)
Low
Source: FAO
Lesson 2: Hunger reduction is fundamental
for development and poverty reduction
Poverty and undernourishment,
1995-2000
Poverty and undernourishment: trends
% of the population living
with< 1 US$/day
<5
5-19 20-34
≥35
% of the population
undernourished
Source: FAO
Lesson 3: Investment in agricultural and rural development
is crucial for increased availability and access to food and
for enhancing income earning opportunities
Capital stock in agriculture
Trends in undernourishment and GDP,
1990-1992 to 1995-97 and 1995-97 to
1999-2001
Countries where the number of undernourished people:
Decreased in
both sub-periods
Increased then
decreased
% of population
undernourished 2000-02
<2.5
2.5 - 4
1996-2001
5 - 19
Decreased then
increased
Increased in
both sub-periods
0
1
2
3
Average annual growth in agricultural GDP (%)
1976-80
20 - 34
>= 35
0
Source: FAO
2
4
6
8
10
12
Capital stock per agricultural worker 000’s
(constant 1995 US$)
Lesson 4: Technology development can improve
food supplies but not necessarily access to food
World rice production and price (constant US$2002), 1961-2003
Metric
tonnes
1700
1500
1300
Production
900
400
700
300
100
600
500
1100
500
700
300
Price
200
100
1961 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03
Source: FAO/IRRI
Lesson 5: The state could play an important role in
the provision of public goods and safety nets, and
through sound macroeconomic management
Expenditure for agriculture
% of population undernourished
External assistance to agriculture
% of population undernourished
<2.5
<2.5
1996-98
2.5 - 4
average
2.5 - 4
1990-92
1999-2001
5 - 19
5 - 19
1990-92
20 - 34
20 - 34
>= 35
>= 35
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Agricultural orientation index
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Total external assistance to agriculture
(constant 1995 US$ per agricultural worker)
Lesson 6: Trade openness and integration can
lead to important gains in hunger and poverty
reduction
Integration in agricultural trade and undernourishment
% of population undernourished
<2.5
2.5 - 4
5 - 19
1996-2000
20 - 34
>= 35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Agricultural imports and exports as a share of agricultural GDP (%)
Lesson 7: Peace and stability are sine qua non
conditions for growth and hunger reduction
Hunger hotspots in 2004
Major armed conflict / human insecurity (latest)
From lessons learned to a road map for hunger
reduction: Twin-track Approach to Hunger
Eradication
• Addressing four dimensions of food security:
Availability, Access, Stability and Utilization
• Track 1: Improving long-run sustainability of food
availability through enhancing performance of
small-scale farm-based rural economies
• Track 2: Broadening direct access to food needs
Cross-cutting conditions: creating an enabling
environment for food security
Applying the Twin Track Approach
Track 1 - strengthen
small-scale farm-based
economies
Linkages
maximizing synergies
Alliances against hunger
Low-cost, simple farming
technology
Local food procurement
for safety nets
Rural infrastructure
Support to rural
organizations
Improved water and soil
fertility management
Natural resource
management and access
Market and private sector
development
Food safety and quality
Pro-poor agricultural
research, extension and
training
Primary health care,
reproductive care and
HIV/AIDS prevention
Asset redistribution
Nutrition
education/literacy
Clean drinking water
Policy & legal reforms
(including right to food)
World Food Summit Goal
Track 2 – assure
access to food
Mother and infant feeding
School meals and school
gardens
Unemployment and
pension benefits
Food-for-work and foodfor-education
Targeted conditional cash
transfers
Soup kitchens and
factory canteens
Food banks
Emergency rations
Track 1: Rural development and
productivity enhancement
Availability
Access
Stability
Utilization
Improving productivity
and production
capacity, esp. of
small-scale farmers
Promoting incomeearning
opportunities
Improving
Improvingtransition
transitionand
and
sequencing
of
emergency
sequencing of emergency
rehabilitation-development
rehabilitation-development
efforts
efforts
Food handling and
storage infrastructure
Investing in rural
markets and
infrastructure
Enhancing urban food
supplies
Improving the
functioning of input
and output markets
Enhancing access
to assets
Facilitating
Facilitatingthe
the
creation
creationofofrural
rural
non-farm
non-farm
enterprises
enterprises
Improving the
functioning of rural
financial systems
and labour markets
Facilitating diversification
Food safety
regulations and
institutions
Reducing production
Safe
Safedrinking
drinkingwater
water
variability (irrigation, water
and
andsanitation
sanitation
harvesting, pest control, etc.)
Monitoring production and
consumption short falls
Improving access to credit
and saving services
Track 2: Direct and immediate
access to food
Availability
Access
Stability
Utilization
Food
Foodaid
aid
School meals
Emergency food
relief
Nutrition
Nutrition
intervention
intervention and
Safetynets
nets
Safety
education
programmes
Food for
for work
work
Market information Food
programmes
programmes
Transport and
communication
Cash transfers
Community and
extended family
structures
Cross-cutting conditions
Growth
Trade
Macroeconomic stability
Governance institutions
Secure access to assets
Market institutions
The policy agenda
• Bring hunger to the forefront of poverty reduction
• Address immediate hunger in the context of longterm food security and development
• Develop flexible support for the resilience of food
and agricultural systems in crisis situations
• Place anti-hunger policy in the context of the
macro-economic environment
• Good governance and institutions that are
participatory are fundamental to fighting hunger
FAO and Hunger Reduction:
• Awareness raising and advocacy:
understanding the links between hunger,
malnutrition, poverty, agriculture, growth and
human rights
• Improving quality and availability of
information: global reporting
• Building capacity for national and regional food
security strategy and policy formulation
• Large-scale practical action: supporting
preparation and implementation of comprehensive
national and regional food security programs