Transcript Human Development on the Move: Key Ideas and

Human Development Report 2009
Overcoming barriers
Human mobility & development
HDI (Human Development Index)
Created by the UN
• Recognizes that a country’s LEVEL OF
DEVELOPMENT is a function of all 3 of these
factors
• 3 factors:
– economic indicators- (GDP) Gross Domestic Product
per capita
– Social factors- Literacy rate & amount of education
– Demographic factor- Life expectancy
Highest HDI = 1.0 or 100 (Norway = .963)
Lowest HDI = Nigeria =.281
Comparing Measures of Well-Being (Economic Development)
for most populous countries (over 100 million population)
2004 Pop.
(millions)
Per Capita
GNI/PPP
($, 1998)
Per Capita
GNP
($, 1998)
China
1,307
India
1,087
U.S.A.
294
Indonesia
219
Brazil
179
Pakistan
159
Russia
144
Bangladesh 141
Nigeria
137
Japan
128
Mexico
106
3,220
1,700
29,340
2,790
6,160
1,560
3,950
1,100
820
23,180
8,190
750
430
29,340
680
4,570
480
2,300
350
300
32,380
3,970
GNI= Gross National Income
HDI: Human
Devel. Index
(Rank)
99
128
3
109
74
135
62
146
151
9
55
(med)
(med)
(high)
(med)
(med)
(med)
(med)
(low)
(low)
(high)
(med)
GNP= Gross National Product HDI= Human Development Index
National income and output (Billions of dollars)
Period Ending
Gross national product (GNP)
Net U.S. income receipts from rest of the world
2003
11,063.3
55.2
U.S. income receipts
329.1
U.S. income payments
273.9
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Private consumption of fixed capital
Government consumption of fixed capital
Statistical discrepancy
National Income
11,008.1
1,135.9
218.1
25.6
9,679.7
Human movement in an unequal world
– The world distribution of opportunities is extremely
unequal.
• Someone born in Thailand can expect to live 7 more years,
to have almost 3 Xs as many years of education, & to
spend & save Xs as much as someone born in Myanmar.
– This inequality is a key driver of human movement.
• The lowest HDI in a US border county is above even the
highest on the Mexican side.
• Following the lifting of restrictions on human mobility in
China, massive flows followed to regions with higher
human development.
Human movement in an unequal world
Human movement in an unequal world
Overcoming barriers: An HDR lens
– being able to choose where to live is viewed as a
key element of human freedom.
– the effects of movement indicate not just incomes
but broader measures of well-being such as
education, health and empowerment.
– The UN proposes politically feasible reforms to do
with access & treatment that are oriented towards
helping those who are most disadvantaged & have
the most to gain.
Who Moves Where, When & Why
– Most movement in the world DOES NOT take
place from developing to developed
countries, or even between countries.
– Most people who move do so within the
borders of their own country.
• Of the nearly 1 billion movers in the world, 740
million are internal migrants.
– Among international movers, only 2/5 move
from developing to developed countries.
Who moves where, when & why
Who moves where, when & why
Not everyone gains
– There is huge variation in the circumstances
surrounding human movement.
• The poorest often cannot move at all, & when they do so it
is under uncertain and dangerous conditions.
– Movers can end up worse off.
• This is a common outcome in trafficking.
• Hardships in cases of conflict, but often worse off if not
able to move.
– Movement of the poor is paradoxically constrained by
policies at destination – and at origin.
Barriers matter
– The share of the world’s population moving has not
increased since 1960.
– However, the direction of their movement has changed:
more go to developed countries than in the past.
– This change reflects growing dispersion btwn poor &
rich countries.
– However, policy barriers to movement remain very high
& have been tightened in many developing & developed
destination countries.
Barriers matter
Barriers matter
Most movers gain substantially
– Careful studies show that migrant workers experience
significant income gains.
• Largest for those coming from the poorest
countries.
• Also significant for internal migrants.
– However, the financial costs of moving are often very
high – especially when policies are restrictive.
– Policies towards migrants at destination also matter.
Most movers gain substantially
Most movers gain substantially
Most movers gain substantially
Beyond income – gains in multiple
dimensions of human development
– Infant mortality rates are 16 times lower among
movers from low-HDI countries.
– Families that move btwn developing countries see
significant increases in their children’s education.
• For example, a family moving from Nicaragua to Costa
Rica would see the chances of their children being
enrolled in primary school increase by 22 percent.
– However, migrants usually fare much worse than
their locally-born peers in health & education – a
fact that is often explained by unequal access &
quality.
Beyond income – gains in multiple
dimensions of human development
Beyond income – gains in multiple
dimensions of human development
Beyond the crisis –
clear underlying trends
– The recession has cut demand for migrant workers –
& hit key destination places & sectors hardest.
– However, as the recovery ensues, underlying longrun trends will dominate.
• Demographic – ageing & shrinking populations in
developed countries, growing & youthful populations in
developing countries.
– These trends imply continuing pressures for – and
benefits from – international migration.
Beyond the crisis –
clear underlying trends
Beyond the crisis –
clear underlying trends